Environmental and biological monitoring of chloroform in indoor swimming pools
Open accessAbstract
The presence of chloroform as the result of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was demonstrated in the water and ambient air of indoor swimming pools. Environmental monitoring was performed in 12 indoor swimming pools in northern Italy and the level of human exposure was assessed. Biological monitoring performed by gas chromatography on human plasma and alveolar air samples evidenced that the uptake of chloroform in swimmers varies according to the intensity of the physical activity and age. The elimination of chloroform in alveolar air in one subject showed a very short half-life (from 20 to 27 min) and a complete clearance within 10 h after the end of exposure.
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The emission of unwanted by-products from pool water into indoor air depends on factors such as concentration in water and volatility, number of bathers and behavior, ventilation, water temperature and water circulation.
“The emission of unwanted by-products from the pool water into the indoor air depends on different factors such as the concentration in the water and their volatility, the number of bathers and their behavior, ventilation, water temperature and water circulation. [2,9 -12]”
From Occupational exposure to trichloramine and trihalomethanes: adverse health effects among personnel in habilitation and rehabilitation swimming pools (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
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References 14 · Cited by 116
- Authors
- Aggazzotti, G., Fantuzzi, G., Righi, E., & Predieri, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Aggazzotti, Gabriella
- Venue
- Journal of Chromatography A
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 710
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 181-190
- ISSN
- 0021-9673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036308693
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Chromatography A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- chloroform, indoor swimming pools, sodium hypochlorite disinfection, human exposure assessment, biomonitoring, alveolar air, occupational exposure, physical activity, age differences, elimination half-life, disinfection by-products
- MeSH terms
- Breath Tests, Chloroform, Chromatography, Gas, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Pulmonary Alveoli, Swimming Pools
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