The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An elementary proposition concerning the formation of customs unions
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An Economic Theory of Protectionism, Tariff Bargaining, and the Formation of Customs Unions
Johnson, H. G. (1965) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259014 · Cited by 252
The Pure Theory of International Trade.
Bhagwati, J., & Kemp, M. C. (1965) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2229696 · Cited by 170
Self-citation
Cited by
Preferential Trade Liberalization: The Traditional Theory and New Developments
Panagariya, A. (2000) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.38.2.287 · Cited by 598
Chapter 31 Regional economic integration
Baldwin, R. E., & Venables, A. J. (1995) · Handbook of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s1573-4404(05)80011-5 · Cited by 554
The Political Economy of the World Trading System: WTO and Beyond
Hoekman, B., & Kostecki, M. (2001) · doi:10.1093/019829431x.001.0001 · Cited by 544
Freund, C., & Ornelas, E. (2010) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124455 · Cited by 309
How Regional Blocs Affect Excluded Countries: The Price Effects of MERCOSUR
Chang, W., & Winters, L. A. (2002) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/00028280260344515 · Cited by 253
Metadata
- Authors
- Kemp, M. C., & Wan, H. Y.
- Venue
- Journal of International Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1976-02
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-97
- ISSN
- 0022-1996 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4255736631
- Cited by
- 435
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: An elementary proposition concerning the formation of customs unions. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/0022-1996(76)90025-8
- The paper
- Kemp, M. C., & Wan, H. Y. (1976). An elementary proposition concerning the formation of customs unions. Journal of International Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(76)90025-8
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
