The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Geometry for the selfish herd
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, predator dilution effects require only that individuals remain close to each other [28], as do some public goods in bacteria [18].”
From The social origins of consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
Adaptation and Natural Selection
Williams, G. C. (2008) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400820108 · Cited by 3,930
Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds
Keast, A., & Lack, D. L. (1970) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/2874 · Cited by 3,769
Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour
(1962) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1962.tb08690.x · Cited by 2,058
The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior
Hamilton, W. D. O. (1963) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/497114 · Cited by 2,032
Self-citationInquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
Galton, F. (1883) · MacMillan Co eBooks · doi:10.1037/14178-000 · Cited by 1,851
Inquiries into human faculty and its development.
Galton, F. (1919) · Dent eBooks · doi:10.1037/10913-000 · Cited by 1,404
Evans, U. R. (1945) · Transactions of the Faraday Society · doi:10.1039/tf9454100365 · Cited by 612
Wickler, W. (1968) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 522
Random Subdivisions of Space into Crystals
Gilbert, E. N. (1962) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177704464 · Cited by 419
"Typical Intensity" and Its Relation To the Problem of Ritualisation
Morris, D. (1957) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853956x00057 · Cited by 238
(1953) · AIBS Bulletin · doi:10.1093/aibsbulletin/3.5.13-e · Cited by 215
Adriaanse, A. (1948) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853948x00010 · Cited by 142
Miller, R. R., Allee, W. C., & Schmidt, K. P. (1952) · Copeia · doi:10.2307/1437640 · Cited by 134
On Some Aspects of Spatial Pattern in Biological Populations
Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1955) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.121.3142.397 · Cited by 120
Walford, L. A., Hesse, R., Allee, W. C., & Schmidt, K. P. (1937) · Copeia · doi:10.2307/1436962 · Cited by 87
Studies On the Social Behaviour of Quelea Q. Quelea (Linn.) in French West Africa
Crook, J. H. (1960) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853960x00016 · Cited by 74
Some Observations of the Behavior of Schools of Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico and Adjacent Waters
Springer, S. (1957) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1932154 · Cited by 53
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Observations on the Feeding Behavior of White-Tip Sharks on Schooling Fishes
Bullis, H. R. (1961) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1933289 · Cited by 21
Research works printed but not linked: 12
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
(1976) · Cited by 10,423
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541
A novel swarm intelligence optimization approach: sparrow search algorithm
Xue, J., & Shen, B. (2020) · Systems Science & Control Engineering · doi:10.1080/21642583.2019.1708830 · Cited by 3,915
The Evolution of Social Behavior
Alexander, R. D. (1974) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001545 · Cited by 3,862
The Social Organisation of Antelope in Relation To Their Ecology
Jarman, P. J. (1974) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853974x00345 · Cited by 2,194
Metadata
- Authors
- Hamilton, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hamilton, W.D.
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1971-05
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 295-311
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998143474
- Cited by
- 3,506
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 21.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- gregariousness, animal aggregation, predator avoidance, geometric probability, selection theory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anura, Behavior, Animal, Breeding, Communication, Biological Evolution, Fear, Metallurgy, Models, Biological, Probability, Snakes, Spatial Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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