Behavioral correlates of hippocampal type 2 theta in the rat
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that there are two types of theta activity which can be recorded from the hippocampus in most rodents. One type (type 1) of theta is correlated with voluntary movements while the second (type 2) occurs during immobility. A third waveform termed LIA (Large Amplitude Irregular Activity) occurs during more automatic behaviors, e.g., grooming, shivering or immobility. In the rabbit and guinea pig type 2 theta can readily be elicited in unrestrained animals. However, type 2 theta is rarely seen in the unrestrained rat. The purpose of the present study was to determine the stimulus conditions that are necessary for the elicitation of type 2 theta in the rat. In the present study 20 unrestrained rats were observed in the presence of a cat or a ferret. Movements by the cat or ferret produced theta in immobile rats. Sensory stimuli which did not ordinarily produce type 2 theta would reliably do so in the presence of the cat or ferret. It is hypothesized that type 2 theta in the unrestrained immobile rat occurs during sensory processing but only when the animal is in a high state of "arousal."
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Earlier work indicated that LFP theta bouts can be evoked by emotionally salient stimuli and are associated with specific body movements.
“Although earlier work indicated that LFP theta bouts can be evoked by emotionally salient stimuli26–28 and being associated with specific body movements29, the behavioral correlates of these theta oscillations have remained largely unresolved.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
Classical work in rodents demonstrated two mechanistically distinct types of theta oscillations: fast Type-1 (atropine-insensitive) theta oscillations (7-11 Hz) during locomotion, and slower Type-2 (atropine-sensitive) oscillations (4-7 Hz) thought to occur preferentially during immobility.
“Classical work in rodents has demonstrated the existence of two mechanistically distinct types of theta oscillations: fast Type-1 (atropine-insensitive) theta oscillations (7–11 Hz), which are observed during locomotion, and slower Type-2 (atropine-sensitive) oscillations (4–7 Hz), which are thought to preferentially occur during immobility26–28,42,50,97.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
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References 17 · Cited by 168
- Authors
- Sainsbury, R. S., Heynen, A., & Montoya, C. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sainsbury, Robert S.
- ORCID
- Heynen, Arnold
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 513-519
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1990441521
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- hippocampal theta activity, unrestrained rats, immobility, sensory processing, arousal, predator presence
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Atropine, Birds, Cats, Electroencephalography, Ferrets, Fourier Analysis, Hippocampus, Male, Motor Activity, Theta Rhythm, Rats
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