The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Types of gas fluidization
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Due to the solid aerosol candidates’ high density and small primary particle size, these are classified as Geldart Group C “hard to fluidize” materials35, meaning they resist flowing along with a gas as primary particles, instead forming large (several microns) agglomerates.”
From Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“It turns out that true fluidization of submicrometer calcium carbonate (as for most micrometer-sized particles) is exceedingly difficult, as explained by Geldart (1973).”
From Methods for Dispersal of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate for Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (2021) · cites this paper as Geldart (1973)
Citations
Cites
The effect of particle size and size distribution on the behaviour of gas-fluidised beds
Geldart, D. (1972) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/0032-5910(72)83014-6 · Cited by 285
Self-citationThe mechanics of fluidized beds. I. The stability of the state of uniform fluidization
Jackson, R. (1963) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 180
Cloud formation around bubbles in gas fluidized beds
Rowe, P. N., Partridge, B. A., & Lyall, E. A. (1964) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/0009-2509(64)85104-6 · Cited by 109
Shock waves as a criterion for the transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous fluidization
Verloop, J., & Heertjes, P. M. (1970) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/0009-2509(70)85117-x · Cited by 107
Hydrodynamic Stability of a Fluidized Bed
Pigford, R. L., & Baron, T. (1965) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals · doi:10.1021/i160013a014 · Cited by 102
The gas fluidisation of large particles
Geldart, D., & Cranfield, R. R. (1972) · The Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/0300-9467(72)85024-x · Cited by 49
Self-citationBubble velocities and bed expansions in freely bubbling fluidised beds
Godard, K., & Richardson, J. F. (1969) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/0009-2509(69)80059-x · Cited by 33
Viscosity of Suspensions of Gas-Fluidized Spheres
Hagyard, T., & Sacerdote, A. M. (1966) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals · doi:10.1021/i160020a012 · Cited by 31
Laboratory Prediction of Flow Properties of Fluidized Solids
Diekman, R., & Forsythe, W. L. (1953) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ie50522a020 · Cited by 28
The fluidization of light solids by gases under pressure and heavy solids by water
Simpson, H. C., & Rodger, B. W. (1961) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/0009-2509(61)80028-6 · Cited by 22
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Wilhelm, 1948, Chem. Eng. Progr., 44, 201
- Romero, 1962, Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser., 58, 28
- Zenz, 1957, Petrol. Refiner, 36, 321
- Jackson, 1963, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 41, 13
- Harrison, 1961, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 39, 202
- Davies, 1966, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 44, T293
- Oltrogge, 1969, Internal Memo, Tech. Hoge. Eindhoven
- Oltrogge, 1970, Internal Memo, Tech. Hoge. Eindhoven
- Rowe, 1965, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 43, T157
- Brekken, 1970, Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser., 66, 81
- Hendriks, 1968, Glastech. Mededelingen, 6, 136
- McGrath, 1971, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 49, 70
- Squires, 1962, Chem. Eng. Progr., 58, 66
- Lee, 1970, Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser., 66, 75
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Methanol to Olefins (MTO): From Fundamentals to Commercialization
Tian, P., Wei, Y., Ye, M., & Liu, Z. (2015) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.5b00007 · Cited by 1,727
Hoomans, B. P. B., Kuipers, J. A. M., Briels, W. J., & Swaaij, W. P. M. V. (1996) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/0009-2509(95)00271-5 · Cited by 1,011
“These assumptions are believed to be realistic for collisions that occur in the fluidisation of relatively coarse particles (> 100/~m), say typically B and D powders according to the classification of Geldart (1973).”
BackgroundXu, B. H., & Yu, A. (1997) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/s0009-2509(97)00081-x · Cited by 961
Thermal energy storage: Recent developments and practical aspects
Zhang, H., Baeyens, J., Cáceres, G., Degrève, J., & Lv, Y. (2015) · Progress in Energy and Combustion Science · doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2015.10.003 · Cited by 911
“Whereas powder reactors in chemical applications mostly use Geldart A or B powders as bed material [202], HTF applications will mostly use A-type powders in order to limit the required gas flow rate and associated sensible Table 23”
MethodSewage sludge pyrolysis for liquid production: A review
Fonts, Ì., Gea, G., Azuara, M., Ábrego, J., & Arauzo, J. (2012) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.070 · Cited by 615
Metadata
- Authors
- Geldart, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bradford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Geldart, D.
- Venue
- Powder Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1973-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 285-292
- ISSN
- 0032-5910 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2126452156
- Semantic Scholar
- 9924866cf6b7f1d4e595b4fdd14478b67395536e
- Cited by
- 3,481
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 179 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 138 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 155 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 128 · 2012: 119
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Powder Technology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Granular flow and fluidized beds
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Fluid Dynamics and Mixing
- Keywords
- gas fluidization, minimum fluidization velocity, bubbling fluidization, spouted bed, particle size, particle density
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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