The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders
Abstract
The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) was tested for reliability and validity in two different samples, one sample (n = 97) defined by anxiety disorders, the other sample (n = 101) defined by depressive disorders. The reliability and the concurrent validity of the HAM-A and its subscales proved to be sufficient. Internal validity tested by latent structure analysis was insufficient. The major problems with the HAM-A are that (1) anxiolytic and antidepressant effects cannot be clearly distinguished; (2) the subscale of somatic anxiety is strongly related to somatic side effects. The applicability of the HAM-A in anxiolytic treatment studies is therefore limited. More specific anxiety scales are needed.
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Each item is scored on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (not present) to 4 (severe).”
In the citing paper
“A total score of <17 indicates mild severity, 18–24 denotes mild to moderate severity, 25–30 indicates moderate to severe, and >30 indicates severe (44).”
In the citing paper
“It consists of 14 items which assess 14 anxiety symptoms.”
In the citing paper
“The HAM-A is an observer-administered instrument to assess the severity of anxiety symptoms.”
Citations
Cites
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Bartko, J. J., & Carpenter, W. T. (1976) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197611000-00003 · Cited by 1,302
Bech, P., Kastrup, M., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 467
The Clinical Anxiety Scale: An Instrument Derived from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale
Snaith, R. P., Baugh, S. J., Clayden, A., Husain, A., & Sipple, M. A. (1982) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.141.5.518 · Cited by 271
Differentiating anxiety and depression in anxiety disorders: use of rating scales.
Lipman, R. S. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 120
Gjerris, A., Bech, P., Bøjholm, S., Bolwig, T. G., Kramp, P., Clemmesen, L., Andersen, J., Jensen, E., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1983) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(83)90009-5 · Cited by 119
Lack of Efficacy of a New Antidepressant (Bupropion) in the Treatment of Panic Disorder with Phobias
Sheehan, D. V., Davidson, J. R. T., Manschreck, T. C., & Fleet, J. V. W. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-198302000-00006 · Cited by 85
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Studies in the relationship between depressive disorders and anxiety states
Mountjoy, C. Q., & Roth, M. (1982) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(82)90044-1 · Cited by 55
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bech, 1981, Rating scales for affective disorders and consistency, Acta Psychiat. Scand. Suppl., 295, 1
- Hamilton, 1969, Diagnosis and rating of anxiety, Br. J. Psychiatry Special Publication No. 3, 76
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa.
Musselman, D. L., Lawson, D. H., Gumnick, J. F., Manatunga, A. K., Penna, S., Goodkin, R. S., Greiner, K., Nemeroff, C. B., & Miller, A. H. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200103293441303 · Cited by 1,120
Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory
Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., Siddle, H., Koloski, N., Harley, E., & Arnold, E. (2007) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610206003504 · Cited by 860
“Instruments to measure anxiety levels can be constructed as clinician-rated or observational in nature (e.g. the Hamilton Anxiety Scale; Hamilton, 1959; Maier et al., 1988) or can be designed as self-report measures [e.”
BackgroundAalbers, S., Fusar-Poli, L., Freeman, R. E., Spreen, M., Ket, J. C., Vink, A. C., Maratos, A., Crawford, M., Chen, X.-J., & Gold, C. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004517.pub3 · Cited by 838
Capuron, L. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00407-9 · Cited by 797
“Hamilton 1960 ), the 14-item observer-rated Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) (”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Maier, W., Buller, R., Philipp, M., & Heuser, I.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Maier, Wolfgang
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-68
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021803359
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 102 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, psychometric validation, reliability statistics, concurrent validity, internal validity, latent structure analysis, anxiolytic treatment, antidepressant effects, sensitivity to change
- MeSH terms
- Agoraphobia, Alprazolam, Amitriptyline, Anxiety Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Imipramine, Panic, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Random Allocation
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