Cited by 109Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues

Widiger, Thomas A., Spitzer, Robert L.·1991·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/0272-7358(91)90135-h

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0272-7358(91)90135-h

Cites

95 of 95 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,467
Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research.
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. A. (1972) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011 · Cited by 5,491
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806
Progress in experimental personality research
Maher, W. B., & Maher, B. A. (1964) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 2,347
Establishment of Diagnostic Validity in Psychiatric Illness: Its Application to Schizophrenia
ROBINS, E., & GUZE, S. B. (1970) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.7.983 · Cited by 2,243
Sex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression
Weissman, M. M. (1977) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011 · Cited by 1,853
Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.100.3.309 · Cited by 1,646
A psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596
Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health.
Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S. R. (1970) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028797 · Cited by 1,572
Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together.
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1031 · Cited by 1,547
Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.
Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.283 · Cited by 1,068
CLINICAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Stengel, E. (1960) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5178.1031-b · Cited by 988
Sex and Gender
Deaux, K. (1985) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.36.020185.000405 · Cited by 904
The Battered Woman Syndrome
Leslie, L. A., & Walker, L. E. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584377 · Cited by 879
Gender and aggressive behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.309 · Cited by 872
Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students.
Rosenkrantz, P. S., Vogel, S. R., Bee, H. L., Broverman, I. K., & Broverman, D. M. (1968) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025909 · Cited by 842
Disorders of Personality: DSM-III: Axis II
Millon, T. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 757
The Battered Woman Syndrome
HURWITA, A., & Walker, L. E. (1985) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/00000446-198505000-00035 · Cited by 588
Dysthymic disorder: psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes
Akiskal, H. S. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.1.11 · Cited by 459
Gender, Race, and DSM-III: A Study of the Objectivity of Psychiatric Diagnostic Behavior
Loring, M. T., & Powell, B. (1988) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137177 · Cited by 326
MMPI Scales for DSM-III Personality Disorders: Their Derivation and Correlates
Morey, L. C., Waugh, M. H., & Blashfield, R. K. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4903_5 · Cited by 320
A Checklist for the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Astrachan, B. M., Harrow, M., Adler, D. G., Brauer, L. D., Schwartz, A., Schwartz, C., & TUCKER, G. J. (1972) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.121.5.529 · Cited by 300
Assault experiences of 100 psychiatric inpatients: evidence of the need for routine inquiry
Jacobson, A., & Richardson, B. R. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.7.908 · Cited by 295
Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations.
López, S. R. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.184 · Cited by 279
Psychiatry update : American Psychiatric Association annual review
Hales, R. E., FRANCES, A. J., & Grinspoon, L. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 268
Sex differences in schizophrenia: Timing or subtypes?
Lewine, R. R. J. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.3.432 · Cited by 254
Masculinity, femininity, and gender-related traits: a conceptual analysis and critique of current research.
SPENCE, J. T. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 245
The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: a reformulation of the issues
Spitzer, R. L. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.2.210 · Cited by 245
Self-citation
The DSM-III-R personality disorders: an overview
Widiger, T. A., Frances, A., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.7.786 · Cited by 240
Self-citation
Evolutionary biology and personality psychology: Toward a conception of human nature and individual differences.
Buss, D. M. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.10.1135 · Cited by 223
Sex differences in childhood psychopathology: A review.
Eme, R. F. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.574 · Cited by 210
DSM-III personality disorders: Diagnostic overlap and internal consistency of individual DSM-III criteria
PFOHL, B. M., Coryell, W. H., Zimmerman, M., & Stangl, D. K. (1986) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(86)90066-0 · Cited by 198
A woman's view of DSM-III.
Kaplan, M. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 177
Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: origins and developmental influences.
Earls, F. J. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 167
The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. V. Hysteria, hypomania and psychopathic deviate.
McKinley, J., & Hathaway, S. R. (1944) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0059245 · Cited by 161
A woman's view of DSM-III.
Kaplan, M. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.786 · Cited by 160
Sex bias in the diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders.
Ford, M. R., & Widiger, T. A. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.57.2.301 · Cited by 145
Self-citation
Effect of diagnostic criteria on the ratio of male to female schizophrenic patients
Lewine, R. R. J., Burbach, D. J., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.1.84 · Cited by 137
An Investigation of Adherence to Diagnostic Criteria: Clinical Diagnosis of the DSM-III Personality Disorders
Morey, L. C., & Ochoa, E. S. (1989) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.3.180 · Cited by 135
The politics of clinical judgment: Early empirical returns.
Abramowitz, C. V., & Dokecki, P. R. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.3.460 · Cited by 121
Sex bias in counseling and psychotherapy.
Smith, M. L. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.392 · Cited by 120
Trait and behavioral prototypes of personality disorder
Livesley, W. J. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.6.728 · Cited by 115
An appraisal of the relationship between women and psychotherapy: 80 years after the case of Dora.
Hare‐Mustin, R. T. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.5.593 · Cited by 95
Sex Roles and Psychopathology
(1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4562-6 · Cited by 94
The MMPI: A Contemporary Normative Study.
Colligan, R. C. (1983) · Praeger eBooks · Cited by 94
Inequality and women's mental health: an overview
Carmen, E. H., Russo, N. F., & Miller, J. B. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.10.1319 · Cited by 94
THE DIAGNOSIS OF ANTISOCIAL AND HYSTERICAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Warner, R. (1978) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197812000-00002 · Cited by 89
Representative thinking in clinical judgment
Dawes, R. (1986) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(86)90030-9 · Cited by 86
An empirical study of the issue of sex bias in the diagnostic criteria of DSM-III Axis II Personality Disorders.
Kass, F., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.799 · Cited by 86
Self-citation
The MMPI: A Contemporary Normative Study
Duker, J. (1984) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61504-3 · Cited by 79
Sex distribution of DSM-III personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients
Reich, J. H. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.4.485 · Cited by 72
Implications of research for psychotherapeutic treatment of women.
Stricker, G. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.32.1.14 · Cited by 71
Hysteria and women
Chodoff, P. (1982) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.139.5.545 · Cited by 70
An appraisal of the relationship between women and psychotherapy: 80 years after the case of Dora.
Hare‐Mustin, R. T. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.5.593 · Cited by 68
The Oral, Obsessive, and Hysterical Personality Syndromes
Psychol, S. T. C. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780240070008 · Cited by 68
The role of labeling processes in diagnosing borderline personality disorder
Henry, K. A., & Cohen, C. I. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.11.1527 · Cited by 65
The Categorical Distinction Between Personality and Affective Disorders
Widiger, T. A. (1989) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.2.77 · Cited by 63
Self-citation
Gender-role analysis: A neglected component of psychological assessment.
Brown, L. S. (1986) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0085604 · Cited by 61
Sex Bias in Clinical Judgment: Later Empirical Returns
DAVIDSON, C. V., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1980) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01112.x · Cited by 59
Sex bias, diagnosis, and DSM-III
Hamilton, S., Rothbart, M., & Dawes, R. M. (1986) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288316 · Cited by 59
Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment Among Women
Gove, W. R. (1980) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01109.x · Cited by 58
Broverman et al. revisited: An artifactual sex bias.
Widiger, T. A., & Settle, S. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.463 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
The demographic profile of borderline personality disorder.
Akhtar, S., Byrne, J. P., & Doghramji, K. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 54
Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder and DSM-III-R
Spitzer, R. L., Severino, S. K., Williams, J. B. W., & Parry, B. L. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.7.892 · Cited by 53
Self-citation
Sex Differences in Psychiatric Evaluation and Treatment
Zeldow, P. B. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770250091009 · Cited by 51
Implications of research for psychotherapeutic treatment of women.
Stricker, G. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.1.14 · Cited by 43
The Politics of Personality Disorder
Landrine, H. (1989) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb01005.x · Cited by 41
Inadequacies of the Masochistic Personality Disorder Diagnosis for Women
Walker, L. E. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.183 · Cited by 40
The issue of sex bias in DSM-III. A critique of "A Woman's View of DSM-III" by Marcie Kaplan.
Williams, J. B. W., & Spitzer, R. L. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 39
Self-citation
The issue of sex bias in DSM-III: A critique of "A Woman's View of DSM-III" by Marcie Kaplan.
Williams, J. B. W., & Spitzer, R. L. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.793 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Masochistic personality: an empirical study
Kass, F., MacKinnon, R. A., & Spitzer, R. L. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.2.216 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Demography of Psychiatric Patients with Borderline Personality Traits
Snyder, S., Goodpaster, W. A., Pitts, W. M., Pokorny, A. D., & Gustin, Q. L. (2010) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000284214 · Cited by 29
National field trial of the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for self- defeating personality disorder
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Kass, F., & Davies, M. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.12.1561 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
On a premenstrual psychiatric diagnosis: What's in a name?
Gallant, S. J. A., & Hamilton, J. A. (1988) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.19.3.271 · Cited by 26
On a premenstrual psychiatric diagnosis: What's in a name?
Gallant, S. J. A., & Hamilton, J. A. (1988) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037//0735-7028.19.3.271 · Cited by 24
DSM-III Case Book
Kemp, K. V. (1982) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198212000-00010 · Cited by 22
The Psychiatric Association's Failure To Meet Its Own Standards: The Dangers of Self-Defeating Personality Disorder as a Category
Caplan, P. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.178 · Cited by 21
Prevalence of DSM-III-R Self-Defeating (Masochistic) Personality Disorder in Normal and Outpatient Populations
Reich, J. H. (1987) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198701000-00009 · Cited by 21
Masochistic Personality Disorder
Fuller, A. K., & Blashfield, R. K. (1989) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198903000-00007 · Cited by 18
Sex bias in the diagnosis of primary orgasmic dysfunction.
Wakefield, J. C. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.5.464 · Cited by 18
Self-Defeating Personality Disorder: An Empirical Study
Kass, F. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.168 · Cited by 17
The influence of values in psychoanalysis: The case of female psychology
Person, E. S. (1983) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351698309533518 · Cited by 15
Psychiatric Diagnosis and the Oppression of Women
Russell, D. (1985) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/002076408503100408 · Cited by 14
Self-Defeating and Sadistic Personality Disorders: Needed Additions to the Diagnostic Nomenclature
Simons, R. C. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.161 · Cited by 14
Historical and developmental roots of female dependency.
Westkott, M. (1986) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0085600 · Cited by 14
Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment Among Women: A Rejoinder to Johnson
Gove, W. R. (1980) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01111.x · Cited by 13
Histrionic Personality and Antisocial Personality: Caricatures of stereotypes?
Slavney, P. R. (1984) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(84)90001-4 · Cited by 10
Clinical Judgements of Self-Dramatisation
Slavney, P. R., & Chase, G. A. (1985) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.146.6.614 · Cited by 10
Controversies Concerning the Self-Defeating Personality Disorder
Widiger, T. A., & FRANCES, A. J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0783-9_12 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Sex Roles, Psychological Assessment, and Patient Management
Zeldow, P. B. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4562-6_15 · Cited by 7
Comparison of Self-Rated and Observer-Rated Scales in DSM-III Borderline Personality Disorder
Snyder, S., & Pitts, W. M. (1986) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674378603100803 · Cited by 7
Norms for College Undergraduates for the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and the Wiggins Interpersonal Behavior Circle
Yarnold, P. R., & Lyons, J. S. (1987) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5104_11 · Cited by 6
Kaplan's view of DSM-III: The data revisited.
Widiger, T. A., & Nietzel, M. T. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.39.11.1319 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Kaplan's view of DSM-III: The data revisited.
Widiger, T. A., & Nietzel, M. T. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.11.1319 · Cited by 1
Self-citation

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Dahlstrom, 1972, An MMPI handbook. Vol. 1. Clinical interpretations
Frances, 1986, The classification of personality disorders: An overview of problems and solutions, Vol. 5, 240
Frances, 1987, A critical review of four DSM-III personality disorders: Borderline, avoidant, dependent, and passive-aggressive, 269
Widiger, 1989, Epidemiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity of borderline personality disorder, Vol. 8, 8

Sorted by citations

Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis
Purvanova, R. K., & Muros, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006 · Cited by 1,262
Studying the clinician: judgment research and psychological assessment
Garb, H. N. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-3045 · Cited by 444
Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A multitrait-multimethod evaluation.
Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.4.576 · Cited by 337
Gender differences in the diagnosis of mental disorders: Conclusions and controversies of the DSM–IV.
Hartung, C. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.260 · Cited by 333
Self-citation
Epidemiology of Borderline Personality Disorder
Widiger, T. A., & Weissman, M. M. (1991) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.42.10.1015 · Cited by 287
Self-citation

See all 109

Authors: Widiger, T. A., & Spitzer, R. L.
Affiliations: University of Kentucky (US)
Corresponding author: Widiger, Thomas A.
ORCID: Widiger, Thomas A.
Spitzer, Robert L.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1991-01
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-22
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(91)90135-h
OpenAlex: W2073789191
Cited by: 109
References: 92
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 3.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: sex bias, personality disorders, DSM-III-R, diagnostic bias, sampling bias, evaluation bias, sex differences in diagnosis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks