Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A strong shock with Mach ≳5 is required to produce cosmic rays with a spectral index of p≈2.1 following diffusive shock acceleration.
“One, however, requires a strong shock with Mach, M ≳ 5 to produce CR with a spectral index of p ≈ 2 . 1, following a diffusive shock acceleration mechanism where ( p ≈ ( χ + 2) / ( χ -1), with χ as the density compression ratio; Bell 1978; Drury 1983; Blandford & Eichler 1987; Fujita et al. 2013, 2014).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Blandford & Eichler 1987
Cites
McKee, C. F., & Ostriker, J. P. (1977) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/155667 · Cited by 2,082 · see citing works
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The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The required Mach number for a shock to produce such electron spectral index can be found from classic Dif-fusive Shock Acceleration calculations, i.e. p ≃ ( χ + 2) / ( χ − 1), where χ is the shock compression ratio (Bell 1978; Drury 1983; Blandford & Eichler 1987).”
Method
- Authors
- Blandford, R., & Eichler, D.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Venue
- Physics Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-10
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-75
- ISSN
- 0370-1573 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063712348
- Cited by
- 1,964
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physics Reports (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Keywords
- diffusive shock acceleration, cosmic ray origin, astrophysical shocks, collisionless shocks, Alfvén waves, cosmic ray scattering, power-law energy distribution, cosmic ray streaming, nonlinear wave generation, galactic cosmic rays, shock structure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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