A non-singular universe with torsion

Tafel found that avoidance of singularities in Einstein-Cartan theory may also occur for flat, homogeneous universes of Bianchi types I-VIII.

“Tafel [42] found that the avoidance of singularities in EC may also occur for flat, homogeneous universes of the Bianchi types I-VIII.”

At extremely high densities in black holes and the very early universe, the minimal spinor-torsion coupling manifests as gravitational repulsion, which avoids the formation of singularities from fermionic matter.

“At extremely high densities existing in black holes and in the very early universe, the minimal spinor-torsion coupling manifests itself as gravitational repulsion, which avoids the formation of singularities from fermionic matter (Kopczyński 1972(Kopczyński , 1973;;Trautman 1973;Hehl et al. 1974;Gasperini 1986;Brechet et al. 2008;Popławski 2010bPopławski , 2012aPopławski , 2013c;;Magueijo et al.”

At macroscopic scales, fermions can be averaged and described as a spin fluid.

“At macroscopic scales, such particles can be averaged and described as a spin fluid (Kopczyński 1972(Kopczyński , 1973;;Trautman 1973;Hehl et al. 1974;Kuchowicz 1978;Gasperini 1986;Brechet et al. 2008;Popławski 2009Popławski , 2010cPopławski , 2011a)).”