The DOI matches its Crossref record; 233 of the 237 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
CSF in acute and chronic infectious diseases
Open accessAbstract
Infections of the nervous system are an important and challenging aspect of clinical neurology. Immediate correct diagnosis enables to introduce effective therapy, in conditions that without diagnosis may leave the patient with severe neurological incapacitation and sometimes even death. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a mirror that reflects nervous system pathology and can promote early diagnosis and therapy. The present chapter focuses on the CSF findings in neuro-infections, mainly viral and bacterial. Opening pressure, protein and glucose levels, presence of cells and type of the cellular reaction should be monitored. Other tests can also shed light on the causative agent: serology, culture, staining, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction. Specific examination such as panbacterial and panfungal examinations should be examined when relevant. Our chapter is a guide-text that combines clinical presentation and course with CSF findings as a usuaful tool in diagnosis of neuroinfections.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These results are consistent with the assumption, that viral infections can lead to a modest change in cerebrospinal fluid parameters (18, 27)”
From Utilization of a Meningitis/Encephalitis PCR panel at the University Hospital Basel – a retrospective study to develop a diagnostic decision rule (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.
(1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-9-818_5 · Cited by 12,045
Liu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J. E., Rudan, I., Campbell, H., Cibulskis, R., Li, M., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 · Cited by 3,934
Electroencephalography—Basic principles, clinical applications and related fields
(1982) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(82)90067-4 · Cited by 3,449
Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
Antinori, A., Arendt, G., Becker, J. T., Brew, B. J., Byrd, D. A., Cherner, M., Clifford, D. B., Cinque, P., Epstein, L. G., Goodkin, K., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000287431.88658.8b · Cited by 2,630
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
Castagnola, E., Viscoli, C., & Mikulska, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2012-1-00075-6 · Cited by 2,587
The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features
NAVIA, B. A., Jordan, B. D., & Price, R. W. (1986) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410190602 · Cited by 1,667
Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis
van de Beek, D., de Gans, J., Spanjaard, L., Weisfelt, M., Reitsma, J. B., & Vermeulen, M. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040845 · Cited by 1,639
Price, R. W., & Brew, B. J. (1988) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/158.5.1079 · Cited by 1,371
Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Analysis of 50 patients
Snider, W. D., Simpson, D. M., Nielsen, S. L., Gold, W. M. J., Metroka, C. E., & Posner, J. B. (1983) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410140404 · Cited by 1,362
Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults -- A Review of 493 Episodes
Durand, M. L., Calderwood, S. B., Weber, D. J., Miller, S. I., Southwick, F. S., Caviness, V. S., & Swartz, M. N. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199301073280104 · Cited by 1,344
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- de Toledo, 2001, MELAS syndrome masquerading as herpes encephalitis: genetic diagnosis, Rev Neurol, 33, 148
- Viallon, 2000, Rapid differential diagnosis between bacterial and viral meningitis with serum procalcitonin assay in adults, Presse Med, 29, 584
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cell-free DNA-based liquid biopsies in neurology
Gaitsch, H., Franklin, R. J. M., & Reich, D. S. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac438 · Cited by 84
Macrophage compartmentalization in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid system
Munro, D. A. D., Movahedi, K., & Priller, J. (2022) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abk0391 · Cited by 59
Self-Assembled Au Nanoparticle Arrays for Precise Metabolic Assay of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Wang, Y., Zhang, K., Tian, T., Shan, W., Qiao, L., & Liu, B. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c20944 · Cited by 54
Navigating the ventricles: Novel insights into the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus
Bramall, A. N., Anton, E. S., Kahle, K. T., & Fecci, P. E. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103931 · Cited by 38
Fluid Biomarkers in Dementia Diagnosis
Schindler, S. E. (2022) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001083 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Benninger, F., & Steiner, I.
- Affiliations
- Rabin Medical Center (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Felix Benninger
- ORCID
- Felix Benninger
- Venue
- Handbook of clinical neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 146
- Pages
- 187-206
- ISSN
- 0072-9752 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7150022
- OpenAlex
- W2767051226
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Handbook of clinical neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- cerebrospinal fluid analysis, central nervous system infection, viral meningitis, bacterial meningitis, CSF opening pressure, cerebrospinal fluid protein, CSF glucose, CSF cell count, cerebrospinal fluid culture, serology, PCR, early diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Animals, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Chronic Disease, Communicable Diseases, Electroencephalography, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
