Cited by 555Obstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchSleep and related disordersSleep and Wakefulness Research

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Polysomnography

Jessica Vensel Rundo, Ralph Downey·2019·Handbook of clinical neurology

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Abstract

Polysomnography refers to a systematic process used to collect physiologic parameters during sleep. A polysomnogram (PSG) is a procedure that utilizes electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and pulse oximetry, as well as airflow and respiratory effort, to evaluate for underlying causes of sleep disturbances. PSG is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing sleep-related breathing disorders, which include obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea, and sleep-related hypoventilation/hypoxia. PSG can also be utilized to evaluate for other sleep disorders, including nocturnal seizures, narcolepsy, periodic limb movement disorder, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. With recent technological developments, home sleep apnea testing can be done to confirm a diagnosis in patients with a high risk for moderate to severe OSA in the absence of comorbid medical conditions or other suspected sleep disorders.

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Background
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Method
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“43 While polysomnography is the gold standard in the detection of sleep disorders, 44 its accessibility remains largely limited.”
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QOS: Q-sort do pomiaru zgodności między samoopisem i szacowaniem (self-other agreement) oraz innych wskaźników obiektywności samowiedzy
Miciuk, Ł. R. (2020) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487430.rozdzial20 · Cited by 3
Sleep-wake disturbances in supra-and infratentorial stroke: an analysis of post-acute sleep architecture and apnea
Howell, S., & Griesbach, G. S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.013 · Cited by 3
Sleep Apnea Patient Monitoring Using Continuous-wave Radar
Yen, H. T., Hoang, V., Trinh, Q., Doan, V., & Sun, G. (2023) · IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP) · doi:10.1109/ssp53291.2023.10208017 · Cited by 3
Fabry disease and sleep disorders: a systematic review
Błaszczyk, B., Wieckiewicz, M. A., Kusztal, M. A., Michałek-Zrąbkowska, M., Lachowicz, G., Mazur, G. J., & Martynowicz, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1217618 · Cited by 3
“PSG uses various techniques to measure sleep parameters, respiratory eﬀort and airﬂow, oxygen saturation, heart rate and rhythm, limb movements, body position, and comprehensive behavioral monitoring using cameras (65).”
Method
Evaluating sleep-stage classification: how age and early-late sleep affects classification performance
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Intermittent Versus Sustained Hypoxemia from Sleep-disordered Breathing
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Estimating Physical Activity and Sleep using the Combination of Movement and Heart Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
White, J. W., Pfledderer, C. D., Kinard, P., Beets, M. W., von Klinggraeff, L., Armstrong, B., Adams, E. L., Welk, G. J., Burkart, S. A., & Weaver, R. G. (2023) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/vnkn6618 · Cited by 3
The Association Between the 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A Gene Variants rs6311 and rs6313 and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Iranian Kurdish Population
Abdolsamadi, M., Rasouli, S., Severi, A. A., Khirehgesh, M. R., Safari, F., Mahdieh, N., Khazaie, H., Soleymani, B., & Akbari, B. (2024) · Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers · doi:10.1089/gtmb.2023.0272 · Cited by 3
Measures of overnight oxygen saturation to characterize sleep apnea severity and predict postoperative respiratory depression
Assadi, A., Chung, F. F., & Yadollahi, A. (2024) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-024-01254-8 · Cited by 3
Individual-Level Experiences of Structural Inequity and Their Association with Subjective and Objective Sleep Outcomes in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
Harriman, N. W., Chen, J. T., Lee, S., & Slopen, N. B. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.05.008 · Cited by 4
GRU-TSMixers: Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea Detection Based on Multi Scale MLP-Mixers
Huang, Z., & He, K. (2024) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650636 · Cited by 3
Cone beam computed tomography changes upon oral appliance therapy for adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A non-randomized clinical trial
Khasawneh, L., Mortadi, N. A., Abu-Ishqair, E., Khassawneh, B. Y., & Alzoubi, K. H. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039923 · Cited by 4
General Dentists and Dental Specialists’ Knowledge of Treatment, Diagnosis, Referral, and Risk Factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review
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“Dentists can use polysomnography (PSG) for diagnosis, which is considered the gold standard for evaluating sleep disorders [4].”
Acute Changes in Sleep Stages After Concussion in Collegiate Athletes: A Pilot Study
Donahue, C. C., Barnes, L. E., Hertel, J. N., & Resch, J. E. (2025) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0629.24 · Cited by 2
Characterisation of Sleep Quality in COPD patients using the chest-wearable Respeck
Arvind, D. K., & Garcia, I. M. B. (2025) · International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology · doi:10.1109/ismict64722.2025.11059423 · Cited by 3
Polysomnography
Kinoshita, F., Takada, M., & Nakayama, M. (2021) · Current topics in environmental health and preventive medicine · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2160-7_8 · Cited by 3
Measuring sleep in the bedroom environment
Cook, J. D., Castelan, A. C., & Cheng, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00365-0 · Cited by 5
Structural EEG signal analysis for sleep apnea classification
Koçak, O., Fıçıcı, C., Fırat, H., & Telatar, Z. (2024) · Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/bmt-2024-0060 · Cited by 2
AI-Based System for In-Bed Body Posture Identification Using FSR Sensor
Asadov, A., Gaiduk, M., Ortega, J. A., Madrid, N. M., & Seepold, R. (2024) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2024.09.581 · Cited by 4
Topological Data Analysis Based Characteristics of Electroencephalogram Signals in Children With Sleep Apnea
Sathyanarayana, A., Manjunath, S., & Perea, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70017 · Cited by 6
Prenatal Exposure to Manganese and Objectively Measured Sleep Disturbances in Early Childhood
Merced‐Nieves, F. M., Colicino, E., Coull, B. A., Bose, S., Redline, S. S., Wright, R. O., & Wright, R. J. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121707 · Cited by 2
Comparison of Mattress-Embedded and Jugular-Mounted Inertial Sensors for Respiratory Monitoring During Sleep in Real-World Settings
Romano, C., Tommasi, F. D., Presti, D. L., Sharma, M. D., Silvestri, S., Schena, E., & Massaroni, C. (2025) · IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT) · doi:10.1109/metroind4.0iot66048.2025.11122090 · Cited by 2
Improving Patient Sleep before Surgery: The Case for Sleep Prehabilitation
Sibley, D., Sicova, M., Singh, M., Randall, I. M., & Mina, D. S. (2025) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000547974 · Cited by 3
Preventive circadian medicine: improving health with sleep checkups
Minami, Y., Kishi, A., & Ueda, H. R. (2025) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-025-00047-z · Cited by 2
High burden of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea: comparative accuracy of screening tools against polysomnography
Ali, A. M. M., Wu, L., Elfeky, S. E. F., Alhassoon, M. H., Aldrees, D. S., Moazen, E. M. M., Alghulayqah, A., & Saleh, M. M. (2025) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2025.100114 · Cited by 2
Home-Based sensing of the nervous system with clinical neurophysiology technologies: IFCN handbook chapter
Musaeus, C. S., Viana, P. F., Cook, M. J., Duun‐Henriksen, J., Beniczky, S., Kidmose, P., Vanrumste, B., Filtjens, B., & Kjær, T. W. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2025.09.003 · Cited by 2
Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment on Hearing and Inner Ear Function in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea—Original Research
Čerkez, M. G., Zubčić, Ž., Jurić, S., Jurić, J. Š., Kovačević, J., Klarić, Ž. L., & Birtić, D. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61101833 · Cited by 2
“The diagnosis is made by polysomnography, in which cardiovascular, neurophysiological and other signals are recorded during a complete night’s sleep [3].”
Waking up to the evidence of pharmacological treatments used to manage sleep disorders in people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment—A scoping review
Saini, B., Kong, S. D., Schrire, Z. M., Jacobson, L. H., Grunstein, R. R., & Naismith, S. L. (2025) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100094 · Cited by 2
Sleep and Cognitive Dysfunction in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Scoping Review
Son, D., Veitinger, J., Singh, R., Kaynar, A. H., Hassan, N., Haupt, B. E., Yu, F., & Chou, S. H.-Y. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15031002 · Cited by 2
“The “gold standard” of measuring sleep disturbances is PSG and actigraphy [62].”
Evaluation of a Contactless Sleep Monitoring Device for Sleep Stage Detection against Home Polysomnography in a Healthy Population
Stefanos, M., de Laboulaye, G., Campo, D., de Gourcuff, M., Escourrou, P., Matrot, B., Íslind, A. S., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.108592 · Cited by 2
Risk factor for colorectal neoplasms: obstructive sleep apnea or nocturnal hypoxemia?
Wang, N., Chen, M., Weng, T., Li, M., Wan, Y., Liu, X., & Lin, W. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108862 · Cited by 2
Polysomnography in AF patients without prior diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea reveals significant sleep abnormality: A strong case for screening in all patients with atrial fibrillation?
Gupta, A. K., Kitey, P., Kataria, V., & Nair, M. (2022) · Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ipej.2022.02.018 · Cited by 1
The potential of tRF-21-U0EZY9X1B plasmatic level as a biomarker of children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
Lu, Y., Fu, Q., Cai, X., Shen, Y., Wu, J., & Qiu, H. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04020-2 · Cited by 2
Automatic Sleep Stage Classification with Cross-Modal Self-Supervised Features From Deep Brain Signals
Gong, C., Chen, Y., Sui, Y., & Li, L. (2023) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123769 · Cited by 2
The J-shape Association between Total Bilirubin and Stroke in Older Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Multicenter Study
Gao, Y., Zhao, L., Li, K., Su, X., Li, X., Li, J., Zhao, Z., Wang, H., He, Z., Fang, F., et al. (2023) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-023-1965-2 · Cited by 2

Authors: Rundo, J. V., & Downey, R.
Affiliations: Cleveland Clinic (US)
Corresponding author: Jessica Vensel Rundo
Venue: Handbook of clinical neurology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2019
Volume: 160
Pages: 381-392
ISSN: 0072-9752 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64032-1.00025-4
OpenAlex: W4231438709
Cited by: 555
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 73 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 15
FWCI: 85.09
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Handbook of clinical neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords: polysomnography, sleep disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, nocturnal hypoventilation, home sleep apnea testing, EEG, electrooculogram, electromyography, pulse oximetry, nocturnal seizures, narcolepsy, periodic limb movement disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder
MeSH terms: Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Polysomnography

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