The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Active Perception and Reinforcement Learning
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ballard (1991) and Whitehead and Ballard (1990) demonstrated that perception is an active process of information acquisition, with vision dependent on action strategies rather than passive encoding.
“Ballard (1991) and Whitehead and Ballard (1990) further demonstrated that perception is an active process of information acquisition: by moving the eyes or body to gather task-relevant information, the agent learns control policies that determine what is sensed, making vision dependent on action strategies rather than passive encoding.”
From Toward Enactive Artificial Intelligence (2026) · cites this paper as Whitehead and Ballard (1990)
Citations
Cites
A robust layered control system for a mobile robot
Brooks, R. (1986) · IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation · doi:10.1109/jra.1986.1087032 · Cited by 7,799
Learning to predict by the methods of temporal differences
Sutton, R. S. (1988) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00115009 · Cited by 5,148
STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving
Fikes, R. E., & Nilsson, N. J. (1971) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(71)90010-5 · Cited by 4,882
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Agre, 1987, Pengi: An implementation of a theory of activity, AAAI, 268
- Philip E. Agre. The Dynamic Structure of Everyday Life. PhD thesis, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab., 1988. (Tech Report No. 1085).
- Charles W. Anderson. Towers of hanoi with connectionist networks: learning new features. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conf. on Machine Learning, pages 345–350, Ithaca, NY, 1989. Morgan Kaufmann. · DOI
- Barto, 1981, Landmark learning: An illustration of associative search, Biological Cybernetics, 42, 1, 10.1007/BF00335152 · DOI
- Barto, 1983, Neuron-like elements that can solve difficult learning control problems, IEEE Trans, on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-13, 834, 10.1109/TSMC.1983.6313077 · DOI
- Andrew B. Barto, Richard S. Sutton, and Chris Watkins. Sequential decision problems and neural networks. In Proceedings of 1989 Conf. on Neural Information Processing, 1989
- Jim Blythe and Tom M. Mitchell. On becoming reactive. In Proceedings of the Sixth Intl. Conf. on Machine Learning, pages 255–259, 1989 · DOI
- Lashon B. Booker. Intelligent behavior as an adaptation to the task environment. PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 1982
- Chapman, 1989, Penguins can make cake, AI Magazine, 10, 45
- W. F. Clocksin and A. W. Moore. Some experiments in adaptive state-space robotics. Technical report, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, October 1988
- Mark Drummond. Situated control rules. In Proceedings of the Rochester Planning Workshop, 1989. (Also Univ. of Rochester Techical Report No. 284).
- Fikes, 1972, Learning and executing generalized robot plans, Artifical Intelligence, 3, 251, 10.1016/0004-3702(72)90051-3 · DOI
- R. James Firby. An investegation into reactive planning in complex domains. In AAAI, pages 202–206, 1987
- Michael P. Georgeff and Amy L. Lansky. Reactive reasoning and planning. In AAAI, pages 677–682, 1987
- Leslie P. Kaelbling. A formal framework for learning in embedded systems. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Machine Learning, pages 350–353, 1989 · DOI
- Laird, 1986, Chunking in soar: The anatomy of a general learning mechanism, Machine Learning, 1, 11, 10.1023/A:1022639103969 · DOI
- Nils J. Nilsson. Action networks. In Proceedings of the Rochester Planning Workshop, 1989. (Also Univ. of Rochester Techical Report No. 284).
- Marcel. J. Schoppers. Universal plans for reactive robots in unpredictable domains. In Proceedings of IJCAI-87, 1987
- Marcel J. Schoppers. Representation and Automatic Synthesis of Reaction Plans. PhD thesis, Dept, of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1989
- Richard S. Sutton. Temporal Credit Assignment In Reinforcement Learning. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1984. (Also COINS Tech Report 84–02).
- Richard S. Sutton. First results with DYNA, an integrated architecture for learning, planning, and reacting. In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Planning in Uncertain, Unpredictable, or Changing Environments, 1990 · DOI
- Chris Watkins. Learning from delayed rewards. PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1989
- Steven D. Whitehead and Dana H. Ballard. Reactive behavior, learning, and anticipation. In Proceedings of the NASA Conference on Space Telerobotics, Pasadena, CA, 1989
- Steven D. Whitehead and Dana H. Ballard. A role for anticipation in reactive systems that learn. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning, Ithaca, NY, 1989. Morgan Kaufmann. · DOI
- Wilson, 1987, Classifier systems and the animate problem, Machine Learning, 2, 199, 10.1023/A:1022655214215 · DOI
- Stewart W. Wilson. Hierarchical credit allocation in a classifier system. In Proceedings of the Tenth IJCAI, pages 217–220. Morgan Kaufmann, 1987
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Toward Enactive Artificial Intelligence
Rafiee, B., & Sutton, R. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.24238
Metadata
- Authors
- Whitehead, S. D., & Ballard, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Venue
- Machine Learning Proceedings 1990
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1990
- Pages
- 179-188
- OpenAlex
- W1500024457
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 12.49
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Reinforcement Learning in Robotics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Algorithms
- Keywords
- active perception, reinforcement learning, perceptual aliasing, adaptive control architecture, sensorimotor system, attentional focus, decision-making systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review