The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 16 of the 105 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety?
Open accessAbstract
Food safety is an important scientific field, but at the same time a discussion topic of modern society that occupies more and more space of our every day time, dealing with the preparation of food, with its nutritious value, and various transportation and storage ways aiming at preventing food-related sickness. This work compares traditional farming with greenhouses and indoor vertical farming focusing on the challenges and the opportunities for each category. The scope of this work was to stress the role of indoor vertical farming towards this direction. Indoor vertical farms can produce high quality and virus-free products that can be locally distributed, inside the urban environment that such investments take place, saving annually millions of tons CO2 emissions. Beyond that, in this work it was pointed out how energy plays a role in food safety in such systems. It was stressed that indoor vertical farms can act as a demand response aggregator. In large scale units it could play a role to adjust their production according to different electricity prices offered in different time zones throughout the day. This way, the owners under a multi-value business model will create the opportunity to the vertical farm owners not only to improve their production but at the same time absorb inexpensive electricity offered, by creating an additional profit mechanism (multiple revenue streams) under such an approach by entering into contracts with companies in a utility electric region.
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Claims the paper makes
98 Own interpretation · 56 Sources not found · 50 No basis given · 31 No full text of the sources · 10 Partly supported · 4 Not checked yet · 3 Couldn’t confirm · 2 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“achieve a 10–50% better water use compared with open greenhouse systems (Nederhoff and Stanghellini, 2010).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nederhoff and Stanghellini, 2010Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Closed greenhouses” section says closed greenhouses can reduce product water use, but gives no 10–50% comparison with open greenhouses. The 10–50% figure appears in “Closed hydroponic systems” and compares closed with open hydroponic systems, not greenhouse structures (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
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In the paper
“according to Lotze-Campen et al. (2008), the land used for agriculture is projected to be transformed for other purposes such as urbanization, energy production, or infrastructure growth.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Lotze-Campen et al. (2008) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Global land-use challenges in the 21st century” (p. 3) says land available for agriculture will be increasingly constrained by infrastructure, urbanization, and bio-energy production. It does not project that land already used for agriculture will be converted to those uses; the model’s described conversion runs from nonagricultural land to cropland (p. 10). (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the most important wavelengths for photosynthesis, morphology of plants and flowering are the wavelengths in the visible (400–700 nm) and the infrared (700–800 nm) spectrum.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hogewoning et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies blue (400–500 nm) and red (600–700 nm) light as relevant to plant development and photosynthetic capacity. It does not establish that the entire visible and infrared ranges are the most important wavelengths, or address flowering or a 700–800 nm range. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites Kim et al., 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1617) identifies blue (400–500 nm) and red (600–700 nm) light as effective for crop biomass production, and the paper discusses photosynthesis under green light. It does not establish that the entire visible and infrared 700–800 nm ranges are the most important wavelengths for photosynthesis, plant morphology, and flowering; the infrared and flowering parts are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lin et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the salable part of plants can only fix maximum 1–2% of the electrical energy as chemical energy.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Avgoustaki, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says plants use light, including artificial light, to produce chemical energy through photosynthesis. Section 2.3 measures electricity consumed per kilogram of basil leaf biomass, but neither passage establishes that the marketable portion converts at most 1–2% of electrical energy into chemical energy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Greenhouses is a type of farming that can provide the option to connect with renewable energy resources in order to increase the sustainability of such systems and the energy efficiency of the various treatments that are necessary for mass food production (Manos and Xydis, 2019).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Manos and Xydis, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed Abstract describes hydroponics as an alternative cultivation method and lists renewable energy as a keyword, but it does not discuss connecting greenhouses to renewable energy or the resulting effects on sustainability and energy efficiency. Searches for greenhouse energy use and renewable power found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The remaining 98–99% of the electrical energy that is not absorbed by plants is converted to heat energy into the culture room and the remaining is removed by air-conditioners to the outside area (Avgoustaki, 2019).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Avgoustaki, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4 (Discussion) discusses electricity demand for lighting, fans and pumps, and section 4.2 mentions heating and ventilation. Neither states that 98–99% of electricity becomes heat or that air-conditioners remove it. Searches for the percentage, heat conversion and air-conditioning found no passage addressing those claims. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on the calculations of Kublic et al. (2015) it was estimated that the average irrigation duration for lettuce is four and a half hours of total pumping daily.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kublic et al. (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.2.3 reports four hours thirty minutes of pumping per day for hydroponic lettuce and uses that figure to estimate pumping energy. It attributes the duration to a study by Lopes da Luz et al., rather than calculating it, and does not establish it as an average irrigation duration for lettuce generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In order this process to be achieved, nutrient solution is rarely removed to the outside area. This process usually takes place once or twice per year when the level of certain ions such as Na + and Cl- are not well absorbed by plants and the percentage in the culture beds exceeds the normal levels, requiring discharge.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the required land use for obtaining 1 kg of fresh romaine lettuce daily is 9m2 presenting almost 90% of decreased land usage in comparison to traditional farming.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Table 2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An indoor vertical farm of 10 layers can produce 3110 g of fresh weight of romaine lettuce per m2 per day (112 g FW/m2/d for greenhouses and 10 g FW/m2/day for traditional farming).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 98
- It may state two separate claims as one. 81
- Not yet classified. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The disease is estimated to have originated from a seafood market in Wuhan where wild animals were traded such as marmots, bats, snakes and birds (Zhou et al., 2020).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Zhou et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Main section (page not supplied) says the Wuhan outbreak started from a local seafood market and that most early cases had contact with it. It does not say wild animals were traded there or identify marmots, bats, snakes, and birds as market animals. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“COVID-19 caused by virus SARS-CoV-2 that was initially reported in the province of Hubei, Wuhan in China.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zhou et al., 2020 source
The Main section reports early outbreak cases in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The Abstract links the outbreak to the new coronavirus, and the Main section’s note added in proof identifies the virus as SARS-CoV-2 and the disease as COVID-19. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Scientific results (Pimentel et al., 2005) have shown that this maintenance of these practices lead to low soil moisture status and low conservation levels of conventional farming systems.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Traditional farming
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Pimentel et al., 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report significantly less soil water in the conventional system than in the organic legume system during the measured growing seasons. The Discussion also reports greater water conservation and less runoff in the organic systems. The paper does not establish that continuing the same fertilizer and soil-preparation practices caused those differences. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“According to Zhou et al., 2020, it is mentioned that 96% of the genetic makeup of COVID-19 is matched with the coronavirus found in bats.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zhou et al., 2020 source
The Abstract states that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. The Main section gives the more precise figure of 96.2% genome sequence identity with bat coronavirus RaTG13. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“According to Penissi et al. (2019) greenhouses produce 112 g of fresh weight of romaine lettuce per m2 daily while traditional farming produce 10 g of fresh weight of romaine lettuce per m2 per day.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Penissi et al. (2019) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion section reports approximately 115 g m−2 d−1 for lettuce in hydroponic greenhouses in Arizona, close to the claimed 112. It does not report 10 g m−2 d−1 for traditional farming or identify the comparison as romaine lettuce; the Methods identify the study's lettuce as ‘Gentilina.’ Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Shamshiri et al. (2018), noted that three major operational expenses in a vertical farm are the electricity cost with 25–30% of the total cost, the operational costs (OPEX) with 27% of the total cost and the capital expenditures (CAPEX) with 18–20% of the total cost.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Shamshiri et al. (2018) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5.3, “Opportunities and challenges” (page not provided), says vertical-farm establishment and operation are costly, with energy consumption accounting for much of the cost. It gives no cost breakdown supporting electricity at 25–30%, OPEX at 27%, or CAPEX at 18–20%; searches for those figures and terms found none. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A serious parasite that is worth to be mentioned is Geo-helminths (hookworm, Ascaris and whipworm), that can survive their eggs in soil for years when they find the right climate conditions, causing diarrheal diseases as well as permanent learning deficit to children (Hotez and Pecoul, 2010).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hotez and Pecoul, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “All NTDs are ‘tool deficient’” section identifies ascariasis, trichuriasis (whipworm infection), and hookworm infection as the three major soil-transmitted helminth infections. Our copy does not say their eggs survive in soil for years under suitable climatic conditions or that these infections cause diarrheal disease and permanent learning deficits in children; searches for egg survival and those outcomes found no supporting passage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“According to Kublic et al. (2015), every three days, products lose 30% of their nutritious value after being harvested and roots' removal, meaning that consumers finally receive severely influenced vegetables in terms of nutritional value.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Kublic et al. (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address lettuce production, energy use, water use, and possible reductions in food-travel distance, not postharvest nutritional loss. Searches for a 30% loss every three days and for nutritional changes after harvest or root removal found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It could be concluded (from Table 3) in comparison to Table 1, that the relative production capacity per land area unit in an indoor vertical farm of 10 layers is 76 to 116 times higher compared to traditional farming and 40 to 80 times higher compared to greenhouse production.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, it can be retrieved that the land use efficiency of indoor vertical farms (0.3 m2) required for obtaining 1 kg of fresh romaine lettuce per day is almost 97% reduced compared to greenhouses and 100% compared to traditional farming.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such population increase certainly indicates a significant rise in the required food production, raising concerns on the deficiency, the quantity, and the quality of future food products.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the close or semi-closed loop of hydroponics categorizes them as more efficient in terms of sustainability process for water efficiency in comparison with traditional farming where most of the water is drained to lower levels of soil that plants cannot access.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Traditional farming experiences large resource and water waste due to soil degradation and eutrophication.
- Rests on an assumption: Excess phosphates and nitrates in soil cause nutrient runoff and leaching in traditional agriculture.
In the paper
“By 2050, it is expected that the global population will reach the 9.8 billion people, 2.4 billion people more that need to be fed (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In large scale units it could play a role to adjust their production according to different electricity prices offered in different time zones throughout the day.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Today's farmlands, occupy almost 50% of the global habitable land (ourworldindata.org).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Traditional farming
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ourworldindata.org
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indoor vertical farms can produce high quality and virus-free products that can be locally distributed, inside the urban environment that such investments take place, saving annually millions of tons CO2 emissions.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During daytime, this system absorbs and traps the solar irradiation and during nighttime, the stored heat is transferred in the interior of the greenhouse by releasing heat (Sethi and Sharma, 2008).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sethi and Sharma, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was stressed that indoor vertical farms can act as a demand response aggregator.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“plants grown in hydroponics form smaller root system and can divert more energy for growing their leaves and stems.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The energy use in outdoor farming is mainly linked to fossil fuels for operations such as soil plowing, sowing, fertilization, harvesting etc. Additionally, further electricity is required for pumping (water irrigation), which in developed countries can reach up to 20% of the total fossil fuel usage (Despommier, 2010).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Traditional farming
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Despommier, 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The uncertainty that is caused globally via COVID-19 has caused apart from multiple deaths and lockdowns to most of the European countries, will affect significantly the economy and will cost trillions of dollars in the global economy, during 2020 and beyond (UNCTAD, 2020).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites UNCTAD, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“management actions such as optimal irrigation planning and frequent maintenance irrigation system scheduled maintenance can also influence positively the system's efficiency (Wheeler et al., 2015).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Traditional farming
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wheeler et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on Nederhoff and Stanghellini (2010), the water use for the global food production reaches at 5400 km3 and has a rapid increasing rate.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nederhoff and Stanghellini (2010)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If growers manage to control these two factors in the optimal levels for each crop, then there is reduced transpiration level per m2, which means lower water usage and therefore better water efficiency.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Higher humidity inside a greenhouse lowers transpiration levels.
In the paper
“a study conducted by Jill (2008), mentioned that food sourced from conventional farming uses 4 to 17 times more fuel compared to locally grown food and emits 5 to 17 times more CO2.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jill (2008)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Vertical farms are located in completely isolated spaces from outdoor environment with thermally insulated installations (especially when at the top floor of the building) and airtight structures that give the opportunity to the farmers to control the environment in terms of temperature, humidity and CO2 (Avgoustaki and Xydis, 2019).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Avgoustaki and Xydis, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only in the US, despite the attempts to provide a safe food supply, every year are recorded 48 million foodborne illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations and 3000 deaths (CDC, 2013).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CDC, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, vertical farms may be able to increase the productivity rate in highly urbanized areas that can lead to improvements in the food security of the community.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This way, the owners under a multi-value business model will create the opportunity to the vertical farm owners not only to improve their production but at the same time absorb inexpensive electricity offered, by creating an additional profit mechanism (multiple revenue streams) under such an approach by entering into contracts with companies in a utility electric”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“smaller root allows more plants in the same area to be grown and harvest higher quantities in comparison to the outdoor farming.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
Not yet classified.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional lighting that is located only on top of the crop can cause undesirable shading in dense crops by uneven light distribution and lead to senescence of the leaves that are in lower levels.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Dueck et al. (2006), the photosynthetic rate of leaves in low levels is usually negative or nearly zero, but the application of interplant light can increase it in positive values.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dueck et al. (2006) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This characteristic makes the farms capable to totally protect the inside crops from the outdoor climatic conditions and make them able to maintain the indoor conditions to the desired levels without having thermal losses.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the payback period was calculated much longer than the operational period of the 20 years resulting in negative prices of the Net Present Value (NPV), unless the wholesale price of greens increases to 10.37 €/kg or more.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heat and energy loss is a common issue in greenhouse and artificial lighting. The latter can become an effective solution that mitigates these losses and add an additional value on the required lighting solutions.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A simple technique that can be followed is the application of interplant lighting, upward lighting, and use of reflectors (Fig. 3 ).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The opportunity to earn (or at least save) significant amounts will or course be related to the size of the indoor farms and create multiple revenue streams.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Selecting inexpensive electricity hours for lighting and dark expensive hours has no significant impact on plant growth and development.
In the paper
“Sunlight is a free resource input that provides plants the whole spectrum of several wavelengths, 97% of it is within the range of 280-2800 nm (Kozai et al., 2016).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kozai et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is also pointed out in this research, that the airtightness level of vertical farms should not exceed the 0.02 h− 1. This is suggested because this level of airtightness helps to reduce the CO2 losses to the outside environment and at the same time to maintain the sanitize level inside the farm by preventing pathogens, bacteria, dust or insects to enter the area of cultivation.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kozai et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Different types of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, biofuels, biomass etc., are found all over the world bringing the possibility to greenhouse plants to produce yields under a more sustainable, economical and cost-efficient way (Xydis, 2015a).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Xydis, 2015a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, other factors that can also help in increasing the relative annual production capacity (per unit land area) of indoor vertical farms are:•Limitation of the culture period between transplanting and harvesting by optimal monitoring and controlling of the environmental conditions•Increase of the ratio of cultivation area under each farming type (field, tier, floor, culture bed)•Increase of”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This phenomenon can be explained because of the amount of CO2 that is released to the outside area from the culture room and keeps increasing with the level of airtightness but also with the difference between the CO2 levels inside and outside.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, CO2 use efficiency in indoor vertical farms is around 0.87–0.89 (when the level of airtightness is between 0.01 and 0.02 h− 1) and the concertation is around 1000 ppm—unlike greenhouses which achieve approximately a 0.5 CUE with closed ventilation system and airtightness level of 0.01 h− 1 and CO2 concentration level at 700 ppm (Yoshinaga et al., 2000).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yoshinaga et al., 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More analytically, according to Savvas et al. (2015), in soil-based crops the labor numbers 34,000 €/ha while a hydroponic greenhouse or indoor vertical farm requires around 64,000 €/ha as production cost.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Savvas et al. (2015)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to World Health Organization, more than half of the farms globally, still use for fertilization purposes of their crops raw animal waste that can attract insect as flies or contain weed seeds or even diseases which can contaminate the cultivated crops.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites World Health Organization
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, energy consumption is a significant cost of indoor vertical farms and can be used as an measure for their sustainability levels.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is of significant importance the control and validation of the agricultural water. To be more specific, there are rules that prerequisite the testing of the water quality that is applied via irrigation to the crops, but also the water related to the tangential purposes such as hand-washing of the workers during or after harvest, the ice that refrigerates food and the surfaces that food contacts”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Food usually travels thousands of miles every day leaving huge possibilities for contamination threats as it can be infected in one country and develop pollutant populations in another.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even if the demand for purchased energy is much higher in indoor vertical farms than in greenhouses, the energy efficiency of the former is significantly higher (Graamans et al., 2017).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Graamans et al., 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because of its nature, crops growing in the open field are facing all the difficulties from severe weather conditions and the danger of infection from various insects and pathogens.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are rules concerning the compliance of domestic and wild animals either they are working in the farm, invade in the farm or graze.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“If we focus only in the electricity cost demand of indoor vertical farms, lighting accounts to approx. 80% of the annual electricity energy use (assuming fluorescent lamps of 40 W), while the electricity cost demand for air conditioning is around 16% and 4% the electricity demand of the auxiliary electrical equipment (Kozai et al., 2016).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kozai et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subsequently, these techniques can highly affect people's health and can cause diseases.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each year, “roughly 48 million people (1 in 6)” are food poisoned in the United States.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020), propose that 0.18 workers are necessary per 10,000 kg of yield, resulting in 35% of the annual operational expenses of the farm (depending on the labor cost in each country).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the contrary, the fertilizer use efficiency of greenhouses and of fields in traditional farming is relatively low and occasionally can cause on the soil, surface salt accumulation.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional farming is a type of agriculture that allows to multiple plant pathogens, bacteria and insect pests to affect crops, causing scalable losses in global crop production.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to Kozai et al. (2016), it is stated that indoor vertical farms can produce the same yield of lettuce heads and other leafy greens in only 1% of the land required by traditional farming and 10% compared to a greenhouse construction.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kozai et al. (2016)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Based on Adenaeuer (2014), the bio-waste that is collected and used in indoor vertical farms can be 2443 metric tons per year and with daily plant wastes that are collected for the indoor farms of roughly 8.11 tons.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Adenaeuer (2014)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, the biggest cost of indoor vertical farms noticed were the capital expenditures reaching at 321,763 € per grow unit, with the most costly equipment the lamps and integral connection of lamps, installation of growing unit racks and the electric distribution of electricity.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order all this increased food demand to be met, it is necessary to produce 70% more nutritious and fresh food.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“E.coli was a foodborne illness that took high publicity after infecting approximately 265,000 people and causing about 100 deaths, after severe pollution of agricultural water reservoirs in farms of California.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plaindirectn = 265,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An interesting point is the massively increased production yield that can be achieved in an indoor vertical farm compared to greenhouses, reaching at 33,750 kg of fresh greeneries being annually harvested.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, greenhouses that apply hydroponic solutions in semi-close or closed loops that circulate, recycle and reuse water, have to include filtering treatments that remove possible pathogens before re-applying it.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the other hand, based on a report conducted by Agrilyst (2017) indoor micro-farms can be very costly, nevertheless, there are multiple marketing strategies for optimizing the results.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Agrilyst (2017)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order groceries to arrive from the processing facilities to the shelves of the markets, they require on average 2000 to 3500 km, resulting to 4–6 days in transportation.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After heavily tilled farming applications, severe irrigations and monocropped selections, soil has been seriously affected causing depletion of its nutrients, highly requiring additional nutrient solutions that can improve its fertile condition, making it appropriate for cultivation.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the high risk of infection of consumers, even from more controlled agricultural systems (compared to outdoor farming), regulations for food safety have become stricter by establishing new standards for food production (Produce Rules).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Adenaeuer (2014) mentions that the increase in yield between indoor vertical farms and traditional farming can be increased by 1.5 due to the technology and by 709 due to the technology combined with the stacking ability of the plants.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Adenaeuer (2014)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another significant advantage of greenhouses in relation with outdoor farming is the high geographical flexibility of installation as it allows a significant reduction of the transit time of the products from the harvesting and processing point to the final consumers.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More specifically, traditional farming lettuce price usually costs less than 1€/head, while greenhouses lettuce and indoor vertical farm lettuce cost 2–3€/head.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tasgal (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Subsequently, based on their model and the different cash flow analysis, indoor vertical farms present profitable investment opportunities with a high Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and a payback period between 3 and 6 years with a wholesale price equal or more than 6.36 €/kg.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike traditional farming products, greenhouse production is highly protected from dangerous elements and various contaminants.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methods that are effective and efficient in water recycling is UV light or disinfectants.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, at the same time, land experts such as agronomists and ecologists, already warn of the growing shortages in agricultural land, necessary for sufficient food production (Al-Kodmary, 2018).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Al-Kodmary, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To summarize, even if there are multiple technological automations, innovations and outbreaks in outdoor farming over the last decades, the nature of this agricultural type is very open to foodborne illnesses, illnesses extremely difficult to be traced rising the total risks.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In hydroponic greenhouses, plants are transported several times according to the growing stage and are monitored throughout the different growing cycles. That give the opportunity to apply the exact resource requirements in every stage, in comparison with soil-based greenhouses and outdoor farms, where the plants remain in the same position until their harvest.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, UN estimate that 80% of the global population will be located in urban areas by that time.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites UN
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Greenhouse plants in an industry that constantly growing, with today's list accounting half of the tomato production and 1/3 of the global pepper production that are distributed in the fresh market (Brauther, 2010).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brauther, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficient of performance of the heat pumps, in a specific room, increases when the outside temperature decreases.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in resources input and sustainability between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, there are high requirements in workers' health and hygiene that need to be followed in order to prevent the contamination that may source by humans.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, outdoor farmers are not able to perform refrigeration between harvest and transport of the products for water processing, making it more uncertain in pathogens infection.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Traditional farming
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to the United Nations (UN) projections, the global population will exceed 9.8 billion until 2050, all requiring to meet their food demand.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites United Nations (UN) projections
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is now clear, that indoor vertical farms are a high necessity for tackling the challenges concerning the conservation of their resources.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant land reduction up to 90% can be achieved with the application of indoor vertical farming, due to the important increase (more than 10 times) of the annual productivity of crops per unit land area.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Respondents of the specific survey showed a strong willing on buying products that were produced in an indoor vertical farm with 46.7% of the total sample, 36.4% partly agreed on that statement, and finally only 16.8% were not willing to purchase these products.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jürkenbeck et al. (2019) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By achieving the reduction of energy demand, it will add extra value in the environmental sustainability of the system but also it would also make it more appealing for the public, the investors and the industry and will increase the viability and profitability.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, consumers seem to be more skeptical and critical on this technology.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“More specifically, they reported that E.coli O157:H7 was found in fish feces and because of the circulation that close loops systems, it caused water contamination of the plant root surfaces that were in the aquaponic and the hydroponic systems.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the subjective knowledge and awareness level of consumers on the indoor vertical farming is still limited, even with the excessive spread of technology and information globally”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if indoor vertical farms produce food safer to consume than the open field grown products, bottlenecks and hazards can still be introduced during the growing process of crops.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, it is pointed out that knowledge, information and nutritional awareness can become a solid solution for the higher acceptance of indoor farming and irradiated food products.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, indoor vertical farms significantly decrease the CO2 emissions that are correlated to food transportation from the producers and the processing facilities.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since fish probably were contaminated by the bacteria, it is important to follow a proper and certified handling, cleaning and sanitizing process in order to reduce the contamination risk in hydroponic and aquaponics.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, one of the most crucial factors that greatly affect the possibility of contamination is the water quality that involves during the whole production process, including the irrigation water as also the washing water at the post-harvest processing techniques.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High precision irrigation systems are used in order to monitor the water that travels throughout the crops.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In specific, indoor vertical farms can provide 100 times higher productivity per year per unit land area compared to traditional farming due to the zero dependence on weather conditions, seasonality and possible infections from insects, pests and bacteria.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, it is pointed out by Despommier (2011) that there is the opportunity for energy recovery from the non-salable crops' parts and capture of renewable sources of energy that can create zero energy building for hosting indoor vertical farms.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Despommier (2011) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the behavioral intention of customers to purchase products from indoor vertical farms is highly dependent on sustainability.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bacteria population are not biased, meaning they do not grow or prefer targeted geographic locations, but they are transported to different locations by human activities as they can be brought by clothes, shoes or skin.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, biometric systems provide to growers the ability to detect tracking information concerning the plants. After harvesting, the produce is set up in a traceability system from the greenhouse plant to the customer delivery service.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not a particularly effective and protective procedure, since harmful pathogens need interference of chemicals to be detached from plants.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In another research (Coyle and Ellison, 2017) participants rated higher the greenhouses facilities and the outdoor farms compared to the indoor vertical farms in terms of naturalness in the production process and the final product.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coyle and Ellison, 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incident could be possibly avoided in the case of traditional farming, as the constant natural air circulation and the sunlight could smooth out some of these errors.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the evolution of technology it is not anymore a prerequisite holding a large area of land for sufficient fresh food production, but the use of multiple layers, optimally controlled (environmental conditions and physiological parameters of the crops and minimum possible loss from crop threats).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outdoor farming and most of the greenhouses perform triple-wash on the harvested plants in order to mitigate the contamination risk, as a post-harvest process.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if it does not provide a 100% safety for consumers, despite the fact that crops grow in a controlled environment protected by wildlife, animals, birds and insects, it upgrades the safety and security feeling of the products than those that grow in open field.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extensive sterilization and supplier are also applied methodologies of indoor vertical farms that control and assure the input resources of the farms such as seeds, nutrients that need to be absolutely safe and clean.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This can be achieved with the use of ultraviolet light outside of the farms that detect possible threats as also air curtains that are installed in every door and can control air that enters the cultivation room protecting it from the danger of contamination.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional solution that can increase the sanitation levels of indoor crops, is the application of certified HVAC filters, in order to perform an extensive pest monitoring.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant measure for the protection of crops from foodborne pathogens is also to eliminate the restriction of domestic and wild animals at growing activities inside the greenhouses as well as in the outside area of the buildings.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leafy greens, vegetables and herbs are considered of high-risk crops since they are usually not cooked but eaten raw.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between every translocation of plants, there is intensive quality check to prevent crops' contamination.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This can be achieved since indoor vertical farms are usually installed in the urban or suburban areas in shaded and/or abandoned buildings (or even basements) due to the soilless farming techniques and the artificial lighting, providing access to fresh and”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More specifically, peoples' perception with technological innovations in agriculture are associated with high risks for food production presenting low expectations on the provided benefits of technology used (Sparks et al., 1994).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sparks et al., 1994 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People seem to select their purchased food based on their concerns on the naturalness, ethics and environmental status.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant characteristic of indoor vertical farms in terms of sustainability is the minimization food delivered losses.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is of vital importance further improvements on the efficiency and effectiveness of the equipment that will lead to a significant decrease of the energy demand of the systems.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it should be noted that even if indoor farms consist a safer environment compared to other farming types, if a controlled environment develops for some reason bacterial infection, it will be extremely difficult to eliminate the contamination and protect the rest of the growing crop.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if consumers in general prefer naturally and traditionally produced food, nevertheless the fact that food of indoor vertical farms grow without chemical additives is highly considered.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, this method cause quality reduction to greeneries, as is observed loss of flavor and texture along with the concurrent risk of contamination existing and spreading under the possibility of incorrect application.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such threats can be dirt and bacteria transferred from the workers and dangerous threats in the nutrient medium that include chemical sources, cleanliness and water safety.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another solution for further risk elimination from potential contamination, is the application of innovative technologies that operate extensive integrated pest monitoring.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it should be noted that the perceived behavioral control does not influence the customers' willingness to buy, but it has some influence on the behavioral intension of willingness to purchase the product.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Innovative hydroponic or aeroponic methods usually draw water from filtered and drinkable sources and distribute it at each crop often without even touching the salable part of the plants. This is achieved either by the use of water in liquid form, mist or fog that sprays it only into the root section of the plants and not in the parts consumed.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Significant is also the start-up costs that are associated with indoor vertical farms as it is clear that it is more expensive to develop a vertical greenhouse than a normal greenhouse (Fletcher, 2012).”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fletcher, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a very difficult, time consuming and α costly process to control all the plants even in an indoor vertical farm for having a 100% safe food product.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concerning the quality status of the final product people also seem to present higher levels of confidence and trust on the greenhouse products and subsequently indoor vertical farms and finally in outdoor farming products.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indoor vertical farms apply only nutrient elements in the irrigation system and completely avoid the use any chemicals during the growing period of plants, excluding all the types of pesticides, herbicides and chemical spaying for fertilization.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the selected cultivated crops of indoor vertical farms are among the species with the higher contamination risk when they grow outdoors or unprotected, because they grow very close to the ground level.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, significant reductions can be observed in the cooling fuel demand, necessary to cool the production in order to be transported in long distances.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to Jürkenbeck et al. (2019), customers replied that LED lighting is not considered a too artificial tool for horticulture and slightly agreed that they do not consider indoor vertical farming too artificial concerning the overall production system.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jürkenbeck et al. (2019) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indoor vertical farms save 100% of the pesticide use in their interior by maintaining the culture area clean and insect-free.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The philosophy of indoor farming depends on monitoring and constant controlling of the crops as also of all the resources that come in and out from the farm and they are isolated from Mother Nature where many threats and contamination sources may appear.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, one of the significant benefits that indoor vertical farms provide is the ability after proper processing of the use of waste water, crop wastes and excessive CO2 produced in urban areas, as input resources of water, nutrients and CO2 in the culture area.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, the whole system of indoor farming can synchronize and manipulate huge amounts of carbon and simultaneously release into the atmosphere oxygen from plants' respiration.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Naturalness seems to be a high influencing indicator for consumers' selection globally as also a critical significant factor on the usefulness of the agricultural system.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That include strict control by imposing the use of facemasks, hair and beard net, footbaths and clean or single-use suits, which can diminish the risk of contamination.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Indoor vertical farms
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, a significant share of the consumers evaluates indoor vertical farming as an artificial agricultural process in order to trust their footprint outcome.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Customer opinion on indoor vertical farms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to Produce Rule, all the tools and equipment that used in the production line should be inspected, cleaned, sanitized and maintain in this condition throughout the whole production, harvesting and post-harvesting process, in order to prevent contamination.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Comparison in food safety issues between different farming types > Greenhouses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Produce Rule
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This becomes even more important by the multiple studies that estimate and analyze the significant increased food demand in urban areas.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This will be scaling up the projects in order to create more feasible scenarios both from economic and commercial perspective.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, if indoor vertical farms achieve to produce up to 50 times more yield compared to traditional farming, then they can offset the capital expenditures and the expensive land use.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indoor vertical farming presents important advantages compared to traditional farming, concerning the required sustainability in our times by focusing in three main categories: environmental, economic and social.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if theoretically, all types of crops could be cultivated indoors, that would not be economically feasible due to the highly increased energy demand.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the specific work, different investment scenarios are presented based on the cash flow analyses and show that IUVF can present high IRR (Investment Return Rate) as also a payback period between 2 and 6 years.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indoor vertical farming presents a high interest and potential to play a critical role in the demanded sustainability in food of urban areas.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As it has been highlighted by many studies one also key barrier that indoor vertical farmers have to confront is the public resistance to these type of products as social masses face difficulty in accepting indoor vertical farms”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, as indoor vertical farms serve the concept of local, fresh food production and they are mainly installed in urban or peri urban areas, they have also to salient the issue of affordability because of the expensive land and space use.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a high demand for further development in automation.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, another drawback that is linked with indoor farming production is the limited variety of crops that can be produced with this technology, such as lettuce, herbs, tomatoes and berries.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under these circumstances, the indoor vertical farms have to face a limited production compared to the “limitless” hectares of traditional farming and a reconsideration of scaling up would be particularly costly and complicated.”
§ How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety? > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The minimum daily food demand of a single person is at least 2000 kcal.
“Based on the assumption that the minimum daily demand of a single person is minimum 2000 kcal”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Current agricultural practices will be maintained.
“if we maintain the same agricultural practices”
The paper relies on this without support.
Food currently travels thousands of miles daily from production areas to urban consumers, releasing large amounts of CO2.
“nowadays food travels daily thousands of miles from the production areas to the urban consumers, in order to meet the demand, releasing huge amounts of CO2.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2017–18 E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in the US was linked to consumption of leafy greens and romaine lettuce.
“In 2017–18, E.coli O157: H7 outbreak in the US caused sudden eruption linked to consumption of leafy greens and the romaine lettuce.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The E. coli outbreak pathogen was mainly reported in Yuma, AZ and Salinas, California, where greenhouses producing more than 90% of US leafy vegetables and greens are based.
“The pathogen was mainly reported in the regions Yuma, AZ and Salinas, California, where greenhouse installations that produce more than 90% of the leafy vegetables and greens in the United States are based.”
The paper relies on this without support.
E. coli contamination in the production line almost always originates from irrigation water used in fields.
“E.coli contamination in the production line almost all of the times originates from the irrigation water used in the fields.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Washing field-grown products after harvest creates additional risk of contamination from bacteria and pathogens and can spread contamination to the whole production.
“further risk in the contamination process from various bacteria and pathogens comes from the washing of field-grown products after they are harvested, while this step can spread contamination to the whole production.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Outdoor farming usually dunks lettuce heads in water tanks from rainfall or irrigation after harvest, while most greenhouses apply triple washes with running water from the local network.
“The most regular technique that outdoor farming applies after harvest is to dunk lettuce heads in water tanks from rainfall or irrigation, while most greenhouses apply triple washes with running water from the local network.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lettuce is fragile, easily contaminated, and can spread diseases among the population.
“Lettuce belongs to the basic daily diet products; its nature is fragile and can be easily contaminated and spread diseases among the population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hydroponics addresses soil drought and salinity that reduce yield and crop quality.
“Hydroponics successfully address the challenge of soil drought and salinity that reduces both yield and crop quality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Deforestation is a major problem because forests are continuously converted to farmland, accelerating climate change and reducing soil water retention.
“Worth noticing that deforestation is a major problem, since forests are continuously sacrificed against farmland that leads to climate change acceleration and soil inability to maintain water at lower levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traditional farmed lettuce has a cultivation cycle of 1.5 to 2.5 months depending on variety, techniques, and season.
“Depending on the cultivated variety, the techniques and the season, traditional farmed lettuce has a cultivation cycle between 1.5 and 2.5 months.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Outdoor romaine lettuce has a harvest period of 55–70 days and a typical yield of 25–30 tons per hectare.
“For the romaine lettuce grown outdoors, the harvest period is between 55 and 70 days with a typical yield of 25–30 tons/ha.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Food miles emissions represent on average 62% of total emissions released throughout traditional farming.
“Food miles emissions represent on average 62% of the total emissions released throughout traditional farming.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Food waste is an important source of CO2 emissions linked to traditional farming.
“Another important source of CO2 emissions that is linked to traditional farming is the significant amounts of food waste.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mono-cropping provides uniformity, reduces labor costs, and makes harvesting easier.
“the selection and maintenance of mono-cropping techniques that provide a uniformity in the applied practices, can reduce the labor costs and make harvesting easier.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cultivating only one-species crops across an entire field can reduce biodiversity and make crops more susceptible to pathogen infections.
“by cultivating only one-species crops in the entire field, it can highly influence the biodiversity and make crops more susceptible to pathogen infections.”
The paper relies on this without support.
To avoid pathogen susceptibility, traditional farmers apply chemicals and genetically modified organisms, which requires continuous input of resources and energy.
“To avoid this effect, traditional farmers apply chemicals and genetically modified organisms to maintain a simple farming system. This practice, though, requires a lot of continuous input of resources and energy (cost).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Improved crop husbandry and changed crop mix can greatly improve water usage.
“Common agronomic measures such as improved crop husbandry and changed crop mix driven by the crop selection, can have a huge impact in improvement of water usage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modifying irrigation infrastructure can positively influence water use efficiency.
“there are various cultivation techniques such as modification of the irrigation infrastructure, which can also influence positively the water use efficiency.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Greenhouses protect crops from severe weather and allow cultivation of out-of-season species.
“Plants growing under greenhouses can grow protected from severe weather conditions such as hail, snow, extreme low temperatures or excessive heat, while at the same time can allow cultivations of out-of-season species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Greenhouse coverage materials protect crops from outdoor variability, diffuse solar radiation, and trap moisture, contributing to increased plant growth.
“According to their installed area, greenhouses can be presented with various coverage materials such as plastic, glass, polyethylene and rigid that protect crops from the variability of the outdoor conditions, diffuses solar radiation and traps moisture, which contributes to increased plant growth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Greenhouse coverage systems allow farmers to control the cultivation environment, maintain heating and cooling, create a more predictable microclimate, enhance yield, achieve higher quality, and reduce water consumption compared to open field crops.
“This way, inside the greenhouses, farmers can develop and maintain the desired microclimate and create a more predictable environment that enhances the final plant yield, achieving higher quality and reduced water consumption compared to open field crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Open greenhouses do not collect drained water for reuse, usually have soil-based crops, and have low water use efficiency due to soil depletion and constant drainage.
“These systems seem to have low level of water usage efficiency as they are affected by water losses due to soil depletion and constant water drainage, which drains the excess amount of water with fertilizers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In open greenhouses, drain can be 5% to 50% of water supply and can be improved by reusing drain in irrigation.
“The percentage of drain can number between 5% and 50% of the water supply, but can be improved by reusing this drain in the irrigation system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Semi-closed greenhouses reuse drained nutrient solution by collecting it in a tank topped up with fresh water.
“Concerning the irrigation systems, semi-closed greenhouses reuse the drained nutrient solution by collecting it to a tank that is constantly topped-up with fresh water.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Closed greenhouse systems use mechanical cooling and dehumidification by air treatment units.
“Finally, closed-systems refer to absolute mechanical support of the cooling and dehumidification system by air treatment units.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Transpiration influences water uptake by 90%, so controlling and reducing transpiration can greatly affect water use.
“Transpiration is the most important factor that influences the water uptake by 90%, thus the control and reduction of transpiration rate can have a huge impact on the water use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Higher humidity inside a greenhouse lowers transpiration levels.
“The higher the humidity inside the greenhouse the lower the transpiration levels are.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Drip irrigation saves large amounts of water, maintains constant humidity in soil or hydroponic substrate, avoids water stagnation and puddling, and allows targeted limited fertilization.
“Drip irrigation has the advantage of saving large water amounts and also can control and maintain the humidity levels of the soil or the hydroponic substrate in constant levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Micro sprinklers spray water around two meters depending on nozzle pressure and are mainly used in soil-based greenhouses with sandy soil.
“Other irrigation systems are the micro sprinklers that spray water in a range around two meters according to the pressure of the selected nozzle type.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Irrigation with diffusers is mainly used in narrower areas and its pressure depends on the nozzle.
“Another very commonly used system is the irrigation with diffusers and is mainly used in narrower areas and the pressure of the diffuser depends on the nozzle that regulates the water supply and flow.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hose and underground irrigation are mainly found in soil-based greenhouses and have low water efficiency.
“Finally, other irrigation systems applied in greenhouses are irrigation with hose and underground irrigation mainly found in soil-based greenhouses and present low level of water efficiency.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traditional farming experiences large resource and water waste due to soil degradation and eutrophication.
“traditional farming experiences huge amounts of resource and water waste as farmlands face the negative effects of soil degradation and the harmful effect of eutrophication”
The paper relies on this without support.
Excess phosphates and nitrates in soil cause nutrient runoff and leaching in traditional agriculture.
“excess supply of phosphates and nitrates in the soil can cause nutrient run/off and leaches.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Greenhouse areas with limited solar irradiation have higher artificial lighting demand than sunny areas.
“greenhouse areas with limited solar irradiation hours (North part of Europe, i.e., Netherlands, Denmark) have higher demand on artificial lighting in comparison with areas under sunshine (southern part of Europe, i.e., Spain, Greece, Italy).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Heating greenhouses with natural gas consumes 31.6 MJ and emits 2.02 kg CO2 per kg tomatoes.
“When heating of greenhouses is achieved with the use of natural gas, the consumed energy can reach the 31.6 MJ with 2.02 kg of CO2 for the production of 1 kg of tomatoes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Heat losses in greenhouses can be minimized with double glazing or multiple screens.
“Heat losses can be minimized with the use of double glazing coverage material or with the use of multiple screens.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Without highly automated technology, average workforce required in greenhouses is about 8 workers per 500 m2.
“Without the use of highly automated technology, the average work force required in greenhouses for cultivating purposes is estimated at approximately 8 workers per a 500 m2 production area.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Selecting inexpensive electricity hours for lighting and dark expensive hours has no significant impact on plant growth and development.
“It has been proven that by selecting the hours throughout the day that are not expensive to give the required light, and “give darkness” when electricity price is expensive, has not a significant impact on plants' growth and development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When lamps do not function in indoor vertical farms, relative humidity can reach 100% and cause physiological and morphological disorders.
“when lamps do not function, the relative humidity of the room can reach up to 100% (little transpiration in the culture room), and cause physiological and morphological disorders to the plants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Consumers can recognize and distinguish the three agricultural systems (traditional farming, greenhouses, and indoor vertical farms) in surveys.
“For this reason, primarily it was of high importance to validate that consumers are able to recognize the different agricultural systems between them in order to provide valid, clarify and comprehensive results.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The opinions of respondents in the cited customer surveys represent the broader consumer population.
“Different customer studies that investigated customers' opinion on different agricultural methods show a more skeptical belief concerning novel technologies on food production.”
Citations
Cites
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969 · cited 2×
“According to Zhou et al., 2020, it is mentioned that 96% of the genetic makeup of COVID-19 is matched with the coronavirus found in bats.”
Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems
PIMENTEL, D., HEPPERLY, P., HANSON, J., DOUDS, D., & SEIDEL, R. (2005) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0573:eeaeco]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,261
Hogewoning, S. W., Trouwborst, G., Maljaars, H., Poorter, H., van Ieperen, W., & Harbinson, J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erq132 · Cited by 957 · cited 1×
“However, according to a number of researchers over the last decades (Hogewoning et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2004; Lin et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2011), it is reported that the most important wavelengths for photosynthesis, morphology of plants and flowering are the wavelengths in the visible…”
Lin, K.-H., Huang, M.-Y., Huang, W.-D., Hsu, M.-H., Yang, Z.-W., & Yang, C.-M. (2013) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2012.10.002 · Cited by 740
Barbosa, G., Gadelha, F., Kublik, N., Proctor, A., Reichelm, L., Weissinger, E., Wohlleb, G., & Halden, R. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120606879 · Cited by 687 · cited 2×
“According to Kublic et al. (2015), every three days, products lose 30% of their nutritious value after being harvested and roots’ removal, meaning that consumers finally receive severely influenced vegetables in terms of nutritional value.”
The Vertical Farm: A Review of Developments and Implications for the Vertical City
Al-Kodmany, K. M. (2018) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings8020024 · Cited by 577
Ramin Shamshiri, R., 1. Smart Farming Technology Research Center, D. O. B. A. A. E., Kalantari, F., C. Ting, K., R. Thorp, K., A. Hameed, I., Weltzien, C., Ahmad, D., Mojgan Shad, Z., 2. Department of Landscape Architecture, F. O. D. A. A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering · doi:10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.3210 · Cited by 544
Plant factories versus greenhouses: Comparison of resource use efficiency
Graamans, L., Baeza, E., van den Dobbelsteen, A., Tsafaras, I., & Stanghellini, C. (2018) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2017.11.003 · Cited by 539
Green-light supplementation for enhanced lettuce growth under red- and blue-light-emitting diodes
Kim, H.-H., Goins, G. D., Wheeler, R. M., & Sager, J. C. (2004) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1617 · Cited by 527
Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production
Kozai, T. (2015) · Cited by 381
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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- Despommier, 2011, The vertical farm: controlled environment agriculture carried out in tall buildings would create greater food safety and security for large urban populations, J Verbrauch Lebensm, 6, 233, 10.1007/s00003-010-0654-3 · DOI · Paper page
- Kublic, 2015, Comparison of land, water, and energy requirements of lettuce grown using hydroponic vs. conventional agricultural methods, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12, 6879, 10.3390/ijerph120606879 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Benyam, A., Soma, T., & Fraser, E. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129099 · Cited by 252
Vatistas, C., Avgoustaki, D. D., & Bartzanas, T. (2022) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos13081258 · Cited by 193
“The development of renewable energy systems has led to the use of electricity-based technologies, such as heat pumps, which consume 25–65% less energy compared to a fuel-fired unit and at the same time reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 56–79% [54].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOh, S., & Lu, C. (2022) · The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/14620316.2022.2141666 · Cited by 157
Saad, M. H. M., Hamdan, N. M., & Sarker, M. R. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10121422 · Cited by 132
“This stage, on the other hand, has the potential to contaminate the entire manufacturing process [22].”
BackgroundVertical farming goes dynamic: optimizing resource use efficiency, product quality, and energy costs
Kaiser, E., Kusuma, P., Vialet‐Chabrand, S., Folta, K. M., Liu, Y., Poorter, H., Woning, N., Shrestha, S., Ciarreta, A., Brenk, J. B. V., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Science · doi:10.3389/fsci.2024.1411259 · Cited by 147
“In addition, higher quality food can be grown in VFS, potentially improving nutritional value and food safety and reducing yield losses (6 – 8).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Avgoustaki, D. D., & Xydis, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- George A Xydis
- Venue
- Advances in Food Security and Sustainability
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2020
- Pages
- 1-51
- ISSN
- 2452-2635 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7516583
- OpenAlex
- W3088478279
- Semantic Scholar
- f4e79742908ca01ac770f045177b28072df18f62
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 24.11
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in food security and sustainability (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Agriculture and Sustainability
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, Agriculture Analysis
- Keywords
- indoor vertical farming, food safety, food security, energy innovation, greenhouse cultivation, demand response aggregation, electricity pricing, CO2 emission reduction, urban agriculture, sustainable food production
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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