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Cited by 38Pancreatic function and diabetesTissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineDiabetes and associated disorders

Designing biomaterials for the modulation of allogeneic and autoimmune responses to cellular implants in Type 1 Diabetes

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Samojlik, Magdalena M., Stabler, Cherie L.·2021·Acta Biomaterialia
DOI 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.039PMC PMC9148663
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Abstract

The effective suppression of adaptive immune responses is essential for the success of allogeneic cell therapies. In islet transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes, pre-existing autoimmunity provides an additional hurdle, as memory autoimmune T cells mediate both an autoantigen-specific attack on the donor beta cells and an alloantigen-specific attack on the donor graft cells. Immunosuppressive agents used for islet transplantation are generally successful in suppressing alloimmune responses, but dramatically hinder the widespread adoption of this therapeutic approach and fail to control memory T cell populations, which leaves the graft vulnerable to destruction. In this review, we highlight the capacity of biomaterials to provide local and nuanced instruction to suppress or alter immune pathways activated in response to an allogeneic islet transplant. Biomaterial immunoisolation is a common approach employed to block direct antigen recognition and downstream cell-mediated graft destruction; however, immunoisolation alone still permits shed donor antigens to escape into the host environment, resulting in indirect antigen recognition, immune cell activation, and the creation of a toxic graft site. Designing materials to decrease antigen escape, improve cell viability, and increase material compatibility are all approaches that can decrease the local release of antigen and danger signals into the implant microenvironment. Implant materials can be further enhanced through the local delivery of anti-inflammatory, suppressive, chemotactic, and/or tolerogenic agents, which serve to control both the innate and adaptive immune responses to the implant with a benefit of reduced systemic effects. Lessons learned from understanding how to manipulate allogeneic and autogenic immune responses to pancreatic islets can also be applied to other cell therapies to improve their efficacy and duration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review explores key immunologic concepts and critical pathways mediating graft rejection in Type 1 Diabetes, which can instruct the future purposeful design of immunomodulatory biomaterials for cell therapy. A summary of immunological pathways initiated following cellular implantation, as well as current systemic immunomodulatory agents used, is provided. We then outline the potential of biomaterials to modulate these responses. The capacity of polymeric encapsulation to block some powerful rejection pathways is covered. We also highlight the role of cellular health and biocompatibility in mitigating immune responses. Finally, we review the use of bioactive materials to proactively modulate local immune responses, focusing on key concepts of anti-inflammatory, suppressive, and tolerogenic agents.

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  • Biomaterials may be fabricated with instructive chemistry to induce local immune tolerance around the transplanted cells.

    “Biomaterials may also be fabricated with instructive chemistry to induce local immune tolerance around the transplanted cells.53”

    From Developments in stem cell-derived islet replacement therapy for treating type 1 diabetes (2023) · cites this paper as [53]

  • These studies point to a shift in thinking whereby a biomaterial is not only a physical barrier to keep out immune cells but rather a source of instructive signals to induce local immune tolerance.

    “These studies utilizing modified alginate chemistries point to an interesting shift in thinking whereby a biomaterial is not only thought of as a physical barrier to keep out immune cells but rather as a source of instructive signals to induce local immune tolerance,”

    From Developments in stem cell-derived islet replacement therapy for treating type 1 diabetes (2023) · cites this paper as [84]

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Authors
Samojlik, M. M., & Stabler, C. L.
Affiliations
  • University of Florida (US)
  • University of Florida Health (US)
Corresponding author
Stabler, Cherie L.
ORCID
Venue
Acta Biomaterialia
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-10
Volume
133
Pages
87-101
ISSN
1742-7061 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.039
PMC
PMC9148663
OpenAlex
W3171960371
Cited by
38
References
240
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4
FWCI
1.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Acta Biomaterialia (publishedVersion)
  • SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (DK128991)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
  • Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation United States of America (3-SRA-2021–1033-S-B)
  • National Institute of Health and Medical Research (DK108736, DK122638, DK126413)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Keywords
type 1 diabetes, islet transplantation, biomaterials, allogeneic response, autoimmunity, graft rejection, immunomodulation, immunoisolation, polymer encapsulation, antigen escape, memory T cells, local drug delivery, anti-inflammatory agents, cell therapy, biocompatibility
MeSH terms
Biocompatible Materials, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Autoimmunity, Islets of Langerhans Transplantation, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

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