Correlates of co-occurring ADHD in drug-dependent subjects: Prevalence and features of substance dependence and psychiatric disorders
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Unlabelled We examined the prevalence and course of psychiatric and substance dependence (SD) disorders in subjects with SD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Method We interviewed 1761 adults with a lifetime diagnosis of cocaine and/or opioid dependence using the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism. Generalized linear regression with generalized estimating equation analysis was used to examine the associations between a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD and indicators of clinical course, and to identify unique correlates of ADHD.Results Lifetime ADHD prevalence in the SD sample was 5.22% (vs. 0.85% in a group of individuals without SD). ADHD was associated with an earlier age of first substance use, more SD and psychiatric diagnoses, a greater likelihood of attempted suicide, and more hospitalizations. After controlling for conduct disorder, there were unique effects of ADHD on age of first substance use and number of SD diagnoses.Conclusion In subjects with cocaine or opioid dependence, ADHD is associated with greater SD and psychiatric comorbidity and a more severe course of illness.
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Estimates of ADHD prevalence among SUD populations over the last decades have been inconsistent, ranging from 5.22% to 62%.
“However, there were many attempts to estimate the prevalence of ADHD among SUD populations over the last decades, with inconsistent data ranging from 5.22% [17] to 62% [18].”
From Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Populations: Meta-Analysis. (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The prevalence of childhood and adult ADHD in the substance-abusing population has been estimated to be about 3 times that in the general population; for instance, adults with a lifetime diagnosis of cocaine and/or opioid dependency show an ADHD lifetime prevalence of 5.2%, compared to 0.85% in individuals without SUD.
“Correspondingly, the prevalence of childhood and adult ADHD in the substance-abusing population has been estimated to be about 3 times that in the general population: for instance, adults with a lifetime diagnosis of cocaine and/or opioid dependency show an ADHD lifetime prevalence of 5.2%, compared to 0.85% in individuals without SUD [10].”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
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References 44 · Cited by 211
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- Authors
- Arias, A. J., Gelernter, J., Chan, G., Weiss, R. D., Brady, K. T., Farrer, L., & Kranzler, H. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kranzler, Henry R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1199-1207
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2532519
- OpenAlex
- W2097422242
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AA03510, AA13736, DA12690, DA12849, DA15105)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance dependence, cocaine dependence, opioid use disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, suicide attempts, hospitalization, conduct disorder, clinical course
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders, Nuclear Family, Regression Analysis, Prevalence, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Cocaine-Related Disorders
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