COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view
Open accessAbstract
Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech's mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.
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RNA-based vaccines' high efficacy is due to their strong immunogenicity and effective presentation of SARS-CoV-2 antigens to the immune system.
“RNA-based vaccines ranked first, reaching greater than 94%, due to their strong immunogenicity and effective presentation of SARS-CoV-2 antigens to the immune system.7”
From A comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
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References 399 · Cited by 375
Research works printed but not linked: 7
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- Authors
- Chung, J. Y., Thone, M. N., & Kwon, Y. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kwon, Young Jik
- Venue
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 170
- Pages
- 1-25
- ISSN
- 0169-409X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7759095
- OpenAlex
- W3116311973
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 399
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, Irvine
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine delivery, vaccine carriers, mRNA vaccines, vaccine design, vaccine immunogenicity, long-term immunity, vaccine adjuvants, vaccine candidate, COVID-19 treatment, monoclonal antibodies, remdesivir, drug repurposing, antigenic proteins, genetically engineered viruses, vaccine immunology
- MeSH terms
- Drug Development, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Humans, Immunization Programs
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