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Tree cooling effects and human thermal comfort under contrasting species and sites
Abstract
The potential of urban greenspaces in regulating temperature is widely known; however, in the heterogeneous urban landscape the process and the magnitude of human thermal comfort as well as the cumulative effects of natural and built surfaces are not yet well understood. We selected two ecologically contrasting species Tilia cordata Mill. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. planted in eight plots across five different sites in Würzburg, one of the major cities in Northern Bavaria, Germany. We monitored meteorological and edaphic variables and tree sap-flow along with the air temperature, relative humidity, within tree canopy and outside, between January 1 and December 31, 2018. Additionally, we measured surface temperature, meteorological variables below the tree canopies and outside, during the hottest summer days of 2018 (July 23 to 31). With 35% higher leaf area index, T. cordata tree canopies prevented higher incoming radiation compared to R. pseudoacacia trees. Moreover, with diffuse porous wood anatomy, T. cordata trees provided four times more transpiration compared to R. pseudoacacia, therefore, up to 2.8 °C air temperature reduction (ΔAT) within the tree canopy, and increase in absolute humidity (ΔAH) up to 2.6 g m ⁻ ³ compared to the 1.9 °C of ΔAT and 1.9 g m ⁻ ³ of ΔAH for R. pseudoacacia respectively. Thus, physiological equivalent temperature reduction was up to 4 °C under the shade of a R. pseudoacacia tree compared to 11 °C under a T. cordata tree. Finally, the research showed the importance of urban topography, such as street orientation, surrounding environment such as geometry, urban design to reduce the hindrance of wind flow and proportion of greenspaces in terms of outdoor human thermal comfort.
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“Tree species with higher leaf area index (LAI) showed better below-canopy surface cooling, and simultaneously, incorporation of cluster tree planting provides better thermal comfort [109].”
From Heatwaves in South Asia: Characterization, Consequences on Human Health, and Adaptation Strategies (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“Tree species with higher leaf area index (LAI) showed better below-canopy surface cooling, and simultaneously, incorporation of cluster tree planting provides better thermal comfort [109].”
From Heatwaves in South Asia: Characterization, Consequences on Human Health, and Adaptation Strategies (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
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Dong, Y., Ren, Z., Xue, L., & Wang, J. (2026) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129579 · Cited by 1
Li, X.-J., & Tang, H.-L. (2024) · Journal of Central South University · doi:10.1007/s11771-024-5694-4 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Rahman, M. A., Hartmann, C., Moser-Reischl, A., von Strachwitz, M. F., Paeth, H., Pretzsch, H., Pauleit, S., & Rötzer, T.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rahman, Mohammad A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 287
- Pages
- 107947
- ISSN
- 0168-1923 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3007516058
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 7.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- urban trees, thermal comfort, Tilia cordata, Robinia pseudoacacia, tree transpiration, leaf area index, canopy air temperature, relative humidity, physiological equivalent temperature, urban green space, urban topography, street orientation, wind flow, urban heat island, surface temperature
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