Pro‐ and antiinflammatory cytokines in threatened miscarriages
Open accessAbstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate circulating and intracellular levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with threatened miscarriage (TM) and subsequent outcome.Study design Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptors 1 and 2, TNFα, interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukins (IL) -6 and -10 were measured by flow cytometric bead assays in 80 women with TM: 53 women with normal outcome and 27 women who miscarried. Fluorescent antibody labeling was also performed on whole blood in a subgroup of 27 women of TM: 16 women with normal outcome and 11 women who miscarried.Results Monocyte expression of TNFα and circulating levels of TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-R1 were significantly lower, whereas circulating levels of TNFα/IL-10, IFNγ/IL-10, and TNFα/IL-6 ratios were significantly higher, in women with TM who subsequently miscarried, compared with the women with normal outcome.Conclusion An increased Th1 type of immune response, which was similar to that observed in preterm delivery, was found in TM cases that were complicated by a subsequent miscarriage.
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In pregnancy, synthesis of cytokines and growth factors is mildly increased while exhibiting Th1 helper cell dominance, but is further upregulated and changed to Th2 helper cell dominance during fetal distress, and decreases when resulting in premature birth.
“The synthesis of cytokines and growth factors is mildly increased while exhibiting Th1 helper cell dominance, but is further upregulated and changed to Th2 helper cell dominance during fetal distress, and decreases when resulting in premature birth.10, 27, 28”
From Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
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References 83 · Cited by 67
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- Authors
- Calleja-Agius, J., Muttukrishna, S., Pizzey, A. R., & Jauniaux, E.
- Affiliations
- University College Cork (IE)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 205
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83.e8-83.e16
- ISSN
- 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149776431
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.um.edu.mt
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Keywords
- threatened abortion, Th1/Th2 immune response, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, interferon-gamma, IL-10, interleukin-6, TNF receptor 1, preterm birth
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Adult, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines
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