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Cited by 274Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular PreventionDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors

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Bays, Harold E., Taub, Pam R., Epstein, Elizabeth, Michos, Erin D., Ferraro, Richard A., Bailey, Alison L., Kelli, Heval M., Ferdinand, Keith C. +12 more·2021·American Journal of Preventive Cardiology
DOI 10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100149PMC PMC8315386
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Abstract

Given rapid advancements in medical science, it is often challenging for the busy clinician to remain up-to-date on the fundamental and multifaceted aspects of preventive cardiology and maintain awareness of the latest guidelines applicable to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The "American Society for Preventive Cardiology (ASPC) Top Ten CVD Risk Factors 2021 Update" is a summary document (updated yearly) regarding CVD risk factors. This "ASPC Top Ten CVD Risk Factors 2021 Update" summary document reflects the perspective of the section authors regarding ten things to know about ten sentinel CVD risk factors. It also includes quick access to sentinel references (applicable guidelines and select reviews) for each CVD risk factor section. The ten CVD risk factors include unhealthful nutrition, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, obesity, considerations of select populations (older age, race/ethnicity, and sex differences), thrombosis/smoking, kidney dysfunction and genetics/familial hypercholesterolemia. For the individual patient, other CVD risk factors may be relevant, beyond the CVD risk factors discussed here. However, it is the intent of the "ASPC Top Ten CVD Risk Factors 2021 Update" to provide a succinct overview of things to know about ten common CVD risk factors applicable to preventive cardiology.

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  • Excess adiposity increases CVD risk directly through negative effects on the endocrine and immune systems and indirectly through obesity-related complications including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, thrombosis or sleep disorders.

    “with excess adiposity increasing the risk of CVD directly through negative effects on the endocrine and immune systems,3,4 and indirectly through the development of obesity-related complications, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, dyslipidaemia, thrombosis or sleep disorders, which are CVD risk factors.3”

    From Tirzepatide compared with semaglutide and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk reduction in obesity: <i>post-hoc</i> analysis of the SURMOUNT-5 trial (2025) · cites this paper as [3]

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References 382 · Cited by 274

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200 of 292 shown

Authors
Bays, H. E., Taub, P. R., Epstein, E., Michos, E. D., Ferraro, R. A., Bailey, A. L., Kelli, H. M., Ferdinand, K. C., Echols, M. R., Weintraub, H., Bostrom, J., Johnson, H. M., Hoppe, K. K., Shapiro, M. D., German, C. A., Virani, S. S., Hussain, A., Ballantyne, C. M., Agha, A. M., & Toth, P. P.
Affiliations
  • Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center (US)
  • UC San Diego Health System (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Northside Hospital (US)
  • Tulane University (US)
  • New York University (US)
  • Boca Raton Regional Hospital (US)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
  • Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (US)
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Bays, Harold E.
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Preventive Cardiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-03
Volume
5
Pages
100149
ISSN
2666-6677 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100149
PMC
PMC8315386
OpenAlex
W3125892363
Cited by
274
References
382
Citations by year
2026: 45 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 11
FWCI
7.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Preventive Cardiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • American Heart Association (15SDG2233005)
  • Allergan
  • National Institutes of Health (R01 DK118278-01, R01 HL136407)
  • Eli Lilly and Company
  • Pfizer
  • Amgen
  • Novartis
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
cardiovascular risk factors, preventive cardiology, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, obesity, old age, race and ethnicity, sex differences, thrombosis, smoking, renal dysfunction, familial hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease prevention

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