Cited by 597Nutritional Studies and DietNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutrition, Health, and Society Studies

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Global Variability in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

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Hall, Justin N., Moore, Spencer, Harper, Sam B., Lynch, John W.·2009·American Journal of Preventive Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.029

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Abstract

Background Low fruit and vegetable consumption is an important risk factor for chronic diseases, but for many (mainly developing) countries, no prevalence data have ever been published. This study presents data on the prevalence of low fruit and vegetable intake for 52 countries and for various sociodemographic groups and settings across these countries.Methods Data from 196,373 adult participants from 52 countries taking part in the World Health Survey (2002-2003) were analyzed in the summer of 2008. Low fruit and vegetable consumption was defined according to the WHO guidelines of a minimum of five servings of fruits and/or vegetables daily.Results Low fruit and vegetable consumption prevalence ranged from 36.6% (Ghana) to 99.2% (Pakistan) for men and from 38.0% (Ghana) to 99.3% (Pakistan) for women. Significant differences in the likelihood of low fruit and vegetable intake between men and women were found in 15 countries. The prevalence of low fruit and vegetable consumption tended to increase with age and decrease with income. Although urbanicity was not associated overall with low fruit and vegetable consumption, urban and rural differences were significant for 11 countries.Conclusions Overall, 77.6% of men and 78.4% of women from the 52 mainly low- and middle-income countries consumed less than the minimum recommended five daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Baseline global information on low fruit and vegetable consumption obtained in this study can help policymakers worldwide establish interventions for addressing the global chronic disease epidemic.

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Exploring the association between self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating with eating behaviours amongst patients with obesity
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“In fact, despite the WHO recommendation of consuming a minimum of ﬁ ve portions of fruit and vegetables a day (WHO, 2003), studies have suggested that people often consume signi ﬁ cantly less (Casagrande et al., 2007; Hall et al., 2009; Sachdeva et al., 2013).”
Background
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“Low F&V consumption has been shown to decrease with increased income [44], and higher-income is associated with increased quantity and variety of F&V consumed [45].”
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“Dietary Behavior Variables Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption was measured with 2 items on the number of servings (80 grams) of fruits and vegetables eaten on a typical day (15).”
Method
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A simple fruit and vegetable score is a valid tool to assess actual fruit and vegetable intake
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“Second, because fruits are not commonly consumed, they are rarely consumed more than once a day or more than one type of fruit within the same food group (31) ; thus, they are more easily remembered.”
Background
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“Hall 2009 [39] WHS Fruits, vegetables na CEE: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine 2002-03 nd 22475 69-100 53 18-99 random general population 15”
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“Nutritionally, “better” diets include the consumption of multiple different types of foods, as they are more likely to meet human macro- and micro-nutrient requirements (Hall et al., 2009; Lachat et al., 2018).”
Background
Exploring an Artificial Intelligence–Based, Gamified Phone App Prototype to Track and Improve Food Choices of Adolescent Girls in Vietnam: Acceptability, Usability, and Likeability Study
Braga, B. C., Nguyen, P. H., Aberman, N., Doyle, F., Folson, G. K., Hoang, N. T., Huỳnh, P., Koch, B., McCloskey, P., Tran, L. M., et al. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35197 · Cited by 16
“The importance of diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains should not be underestimated [2].”
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Low adherence of Kuwaiti adults to fruit and vegetable dietary guidelines
Zaghloul, S., Waslien, C., Al-Somaie, M., & Prakash, P. (2012) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2012.18.5.461 · Cited by 15
“5% of Emirati women consumed ≥ 5 portions of fruits and vegetables per day, again far more than their Kuwaiti counterparts [6].”
BackgroundResult
Who benefits from a dietary online intervention? Evidence from Italy, Spain and Greece
Schwarzer, R., Fleig, L., Warner, L. M., Gholami, M., Serra‐Majem, L., Ngo, J., Román‐Viñas, B., Ribas‐Barba, L., Distante, A., Ntzani, E., et al. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980016002913 · Cited by 16
“Although the WHO has advised to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables daily, globally fruit and vegetable consumption is lower than this recommendation((8,9)).”
BackgroundMethod
Acceptance of a test vegetable after repeated exposures among preschoolers.
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Multi‐omics approach to socioeconomic disparity in metabolic syndrome reveals roles of diet and microbiome
Bishehsari, F., Drees, M., Adnan, D., Sharma, D., Green, S. J., Koshy, J., Giron, L. B., Goldman, A. R., Abdel‐Mohsen, M., Rasmussen, H. E., et al. (2023) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202300023 · Cited by 14
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“Fruit and vegetables are an extremely important part of a healthy diet [1,2].”
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Camargo, D. F. M., Belon, A. P., Marín‐Léon, L., de Souza, B. F. D. N. J., Pérez‐Escamilla, R., & Segall‐Corrêa, A. M. (2019) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00247218 · Cited by 15
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“However, fruits and vegetables consumption is still below recommendation of five servings a day, particularly in low- and middle-income populations [16].”
Background
A Cosmetic Content–Based Nutrition Education Program Improves Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Grade 11 Thai Students
Somsri, P., Satheannoppakao, W., Tipayamongkholgul, M., Vatanasomboon, P., & Kasemsup, R. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2015.11.002 · Cited by 14
“Yet, suboptimal intake of F&V (< 5 servings or < 400 g daily)(5) has been a global public health problem in all age groups for more than 2 decades.(6-10) The challenge of increasing F&V consumption is a major concern for health professionals.”
Background
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“mum recommended 5 daily servings of fruit and vegetables.(120) Inadequate consumption ranged from roughly”
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“(coded 1 as 0 or 1 and 0 as 2 or more each day) [36].”
Influential
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Sarfo, J., Pawelzik, E., & Keding, G. B. (2023) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-022-01343-3 · Cited by 12
“From globally pooled data, 78% of the participants, mainly from low and middle-income countries, consumed below the recommended daily amount (Hall et al., 2009).”
Background
Zero fruits/vegetables consumption and associated factors among Children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: Mixed effect logistic regression analysis
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Perceived Purchase of Healthy Foods Is Associated With Regular Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables
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“A World Health Survey conducted during 2002-2003 determined that 78% of the population in 52 mainly LMIC, consumed less than the recommended five servings of fruit and vegetables per day.(115) The UNSCN 6 report on the World Nutrition Situation attempted to explain the reasons why this is the case.”
Perception and adaptation of the producers to the impacts of climate change in apple production: an assessment of Mustang District of Nepal
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“Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) Telephone: 00977-61- 535357 Email: utkhanal@gmail.com vegetable consumption, even though only 13.7% of the study population was urban (Hall et al, 2009).”
Influential
Dietary Patterns and Their Socioeconomic and Behavioral Determinants in 6- to 8-Year-Old Portuguese Children
Rodrigues, D., Muc, M., Rodrigues, P. R. M., Mota‐Pinto, A., & Padez, C. M. P. (2016) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2016.1200038 · Cited by 13
“At the same time, a general decline in fruit and vegetable consumption—other than fried potatoes—has been observed (Hall et al. 2009).”
Background

Authors: Hall, J. N., Moore, S., Harper, S. B., & Lynch, J. W.
Affiliations: Queen's University (CA)
McGill University (CA)
University of South Australia (AU)
Corresponding author: Moore, Spencer
ORCID: Hall, Justin N.
Moore, Spencer
Harper, Sam B.
Lynch, John W.
Venue: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 36
Issue: 5
Pages: 402-409.e5
ISSN: 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.029
OpenAlex: W2060303123
Cited by: 597
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 19.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (263-MQ-611198)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
Keywords: fruit and vegetable intake, prevalence, sociodemographic differences, sex differences, age differences, income, urban-rural differences, low- and middle-income countries, chronic disease prevention, dietary guidelines, World Health Survey
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Female, Fruit, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Vegetables, Global Health, Prevalence, Nutrition Policy

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Global Variability in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

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