Cited by 335Optimal Experimental Design MethodsStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

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Factorial Experiments

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Collins, Linda M., Dziak, John J., Kugler, Kari C., Trail, Jessica B.·2014·American Journal of Preventive Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.021PMC PMC4171184

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Abstract

Background An understanding of the individual and combined effects of a set of intervention components is important for moving the science of preventive medicine interventions forward. This understanding can often be achieved in an efficient and economical way via a factorial experiment, in which two or more independent variables are manipulated. The factorial experiment is a complement to the RCT; the two designs address different research questions.Purpose To offer an introduction to factorial experiments aimed at investigators trained primarily in the RCT.Methods The factorial experiment is compared and contrasted with other experimental designs used commonly in intervention science to highlight where each is most efficient and appropriate.Results Several points are made: factorial experiments make very efficient use of experimental subjects when the data are properly analyzed; a factorial experiment can have excellent statistical power even if it has relatively few subjects per experimental condition; and when conducting research to select components for inclusion in a multicomponent intervention, interactions should be studied rather than avoided.Conclusions Investigators in preventive medicine and related areas should begin considering factorial experiments alongside other approaches. Experimental designs should be chosen from a resource management perspective, which states that the best experimental design is the one that provides the greatest scientific benefit without exceeding available resources.

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Additional file 3 of Which behaviour change techniques are effective to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in adults: a factorial randomized trial of an e- and m-health intervention
Schroé, H., Van Dyck, D., Paepe, A. L. D., Poppe, L., Loh, W. W., Verloigne, M., Loeys, T., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Crombez, G. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13065505
Additional file 7 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schuler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757013
Additional file 5 of Study protocol for a factorial-randomized controlled trial evaluating the implementation, costs, effectiveness, and sustainment of digital therapeutics for substance use disorder in primary care (DIGITS Trial)
Glass, J. E., Dorsey, C. N., Beatty, T. C., Bobb, J. F., Wong, E. S., Palazzo, L. G., King, D., Mogk, J. M., Stefanik-Guizlo, K., Idu, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22610842
Additional file 5 of Which behaviour change techniques are effective to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in adults: a factorial randomized trial of an e- and m-health intervention
Schroé, H., Van Dyck, D., Paepe, A. L. D., Poppe, L., Loh, W. W., Verloigne, M., Loeys, T., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Crombez, G. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13065511
Additional file 2 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schuler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26488397
Additional file 6 of Study protocol for a factorial-randomized controlled trial evaluating the implementation, costs, effectiveness, and sustainment of digital therapeutics for substance use disorder in primary care (DIGITS Trial)
Glass, J. E., Dorsey, C. N., Beatty, T. C., Bobb, J. F., Wong, E. S., Palazzo, L. G., King, D., Mogk, J. M., Stefanik-Guizlo, K., Idu, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22610845
Additional file 5 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schuler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757007
Additional file 3 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schuler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757001
Additional file 5 of Reach out behavioral intervention for hypertension initiated in the emergency department connecting multiple health systems: study protocol for a randomized control trial
Meurer, W. J., Dinh, M., Kidwell, K., Flood, A., Champoux, E., Whitfield, C., Trimble, D., Cowdery, J. E., Borgialli, D. A., Montas, S. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12421775
Additional file 8 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schuler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757016
Additional file 10 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schüler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757022
Additional file 13 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schuler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757031
Additional file 2 of Study protocol for a factorial-randomized controlled trial evaluating the implementation, costs, effectiveness, and sustainment of digital therapeutics for substance use disorder in primary care (DIGITS Trial)
Glass, J. E., Dorsey, C. N., Beatty, T. C., Bobb, J. F., Wong, E. S., Palazzo, L. G., King, D., Mogk, J. M., Stefanik-Guizlo, K., Idu, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22610833
Additional file 4 of Reach out behavioral intervention for hypertension initiated in the emergency department connecting multiple health systems: study protocol for a randomized control trial
Meurer, W. J., Dinh, M., Kidwell, K., Flood, A., Champoux, E., Whitfield, C., Trimble, D., Cowdery, J. E., Borgialli, D. A., Montas, S. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12421772
Additional file 3 of Study protocol for a factorial-randomized controlled trial evaluating the implementation, costs, effectiveness, and sustainment of digital therapeutics for substance use disorder in primary care (DIGITS Trial)
Glass, J. E., Dorsey, C. N., Beatty, T. C., Bobb, J. F., Wong, E. S., Palazzo, L. G., King, D., Mogk, J. M., Stefanik-Guizlo, K., Idu, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22610836
Additional file 1 of Reach out behavioral intervention for hypertension initiated in the emergency department connecting multiple health systems: study protocol for a randomized control trial
Meurer, W. J., Dinh, M., Kidwell, K., Flood, A., Champoux, E., Whitfield, C., Trimble, D., Cowdery, J. E., Borgialli, D. A., Montas, S. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12421745
Additional file 4 of Which behaviour change techniques are effective to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in adults: a factorial randomized trial of an e- and m-health intervention
Schroé, H., Van Dyck, D., Paepe, A. L. D., Poppe, L., Loh, W. W., Verloigne, M., Loeys, T., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Crombez, G. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13065508
Additional file 12 of Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression
Mino, E., Pfeifer, K., Hanson, C. L., Schuler, M., Brandmeier, A., Klamroth, S., Naber, I., Weißenfels, A., McHale, S., Abu-Omar, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757028
Additional file 4 of Study protocol for a factorial-randomized controlled trial evaluating the implementation, costs, effectiveness, and sustainment of digital therapeutics for substance use disorder in primary care (DIGITS Trial)
Glass, J. E., Dorsey, C. N., Beatty, T. C., Bobb, J. F., Wong, E. S., Palazzo, L. G., King, D., Mogk, J. M., Stefanik-Guizlo, K., Idu, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22610839

Authors: Collins, L. M., Dziak, J. J., Kugler, K. C., & Trail, J. B.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: Collins, Linda M.
ORCID: Collins, Linda M.
Dziak, John J.
Kugler, Kari C.
Venue: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-10
Volume: 47
Issue: 4
Pages: 498-504
ISSN: 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.021
PMC: PMC4171184
OpenAlex: W106021680
Cited by: 335
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10
FWCI: 17.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA010075)
National Cancer Institute (P50CA143188)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (KL2TR000126)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK097364)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: factorial design, multicomponent intervention, intervention components, interaction effects, statistical power, resource management, experimental design, randomized controlled trials
MeSH terms: Humans, Preventive Health Services, Preventive Medicine, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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