Dietary nutrients associated with short and long sleep duration. Data from a nationally representative sample
Open accessAbstract
Short sleep duration is associated with weight gain and obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric illness, and performance deficits. Likewise, long sleep duration is also associated with poor physical and mental health. The role of a healthy diet in habitual sleep duration represents a largely unexplored pathway linking sleep and health. This study evaluated associations between habitual sleep parameters and dietary/nutritional variables obtained via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2008. We hypothesized that habitual very short (<5h) short (5-6h) and long (9+h) sleep durations are associated with intake of a number of dietary nutrient variables. Overall, energy intake varied across very short (2036kcal), short (2201kcal), and long (1926kcal) sleep duration, relative to normal (2151kcal) sleep duration (p=0.001). Normal sleep duration was associated with the greatest food variety (17.8), compared to very short (14.0), short (16.5) and long (16.3) sleep duration (p<0.001). Associations between sleep duration were found across nutrient categories, with significant associations between habitual sleep duration and proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. In stepwise analyses, significant contributors of unique variance included theobromine (long sleep RR=0.910, p<0.05), vitamin C (short sleep RR=0.890, p<0.05), tap water (short sleep RR=0.952, p<0.001; very short (<5h) sleep RR=0.941, p<0.05), lutein+zeaxanthin (short sleep RR=1.123, p<0.05), dodecanoic acid (long sleep RR=0.812, p<0.05), choline (long sleep RR=0.450, p=0.001), lycopene (very short (<5h) sleep RR=0.950, p<0.05), total carbohydrate (very short (<5h) sleep RR=0.494, p<0.05; long sleep RR=0.509, p<0.05), selenium (short sleep RR=0.670, p<0.01) and alcohol (long sleep RR=1.172, p<0.01). Overall, many nutrient variables were associated with short and/or long sleep duration, which may be explained by differences in food variety. Future studies should assess whether these associations are due to appetite dysregulation, due to short/long sleep and/or whether these nutrients have physiologic effects on sleep regulation. In addition, these data may help us better understand the complex relationship between diet and sleep and the potential role of diet in the relationship between sleep and obesity and other cardiometabolic risks.
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The study used previously established categories of self-reported sleep duration.
“previously established categories of self-reported sleep duration[2, 17, 47, 48]”
From Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors (2014) · cites this paper as [47]
Both short and long sleep are predictive of poorer dietary intake.
“With regard to dietary intake, both short and long sleep are predictive of poorer dietary intake [23, 24].”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
Several studies found an association between optimal sleep (not short sleepers and/or better sleep quality) and healthier eating habits, such as eating breakfast, eating more regular meals, snacking less, eating at home more often, and a greater variety of foods in the diet.
“Several studies also found an association with optimal sleep (not short sleepers and/or better sleep quality) and healthier eating habits, such as eating breakfast, eating more regular meals, snacking less, eating at home more often and a greater variety of foods in the diet [156, 157, 162, 169–172].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [172]
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References 46 · Cited by 310
- Authors
- Grandner, M. A., Jackson, N., Gerstner, J. R., & Knutson, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grandner, Michael A.
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 64
- Pages
- 71-80
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3703747
- OpenAlex
- W1963538943
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 23.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007713, K23HL110216, P30HL101859)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK092949)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES022931)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep duration, short sleep duration, long sleep, dietary nutrients, energy intake, dietary diversity, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, vitamins, minerals, theobromine, vitamin C, lutein/zeaxanthin, choline, lycopene, selenium, alcohol consumption, tap water, NHANES, dietary assessment, sleep health, obesity, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Antioxidants, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Drinking, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Sleep, Theobromine, Water, Weight Gain
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