Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: how analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The natural, sociobiological characteristics of elephants predict the welfare challenges summarized above.
“Moreover, the natural, sociobiological characteristics of elephants (e.g., the need for space, cognitive and social complexity, and dietary practices) predict the welfare challenges summarized above (Clubb & Mason, 2007;Miller, Andrews & Anderson, 2012;Pomerantz, Meir & Terkel, 2013;Hosey, Melfi & Ward, 2020;Mellor et al., 2021”
From Continuing challenges of elephant captivity: the captive environment, health issues, and welfare implications (2024) · cites this paper as Clubb & Mason, 2007
The Discussion (p. unavailable) reports that wide-ranging behaviour predicts poorer captive welfare in carnivores, supporting the general link between natural behaviour and welfare challenges. The study does not establish that elephants’ space needs, cognitive or social complexity, or dietary practices predict their welfare challenges; it suggests extending comparative research to other taxa (§4.4, p. unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBreeding success has been the most frequent indicator for measuring animal welfare in captivity.
“Breeding success has been the most frequent indicator for measuring animal welfare in captivity, as previously implemented for a range of taxa (primates: Abello and Colell, 2006; carnivores: Clubb and Mason, 2007; birds: Farrell et al., 2000; invertebrates: Wisniewski, 2000).”
From Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding (2016) · cites this paper as Clubb and Mason, 2007
The Methods section uses infant mortality, a reproductive outcome, as one of two measures of captive carnivore welfare; the other is stereotypic behaviour. It does not say breeding success is the most frequent welfare indicator, and it describes conception rates as a possible measure rather than one used in this study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 68 · Cited by 303
Research works printed but not linked: 28
- Bailey, T.N., 1993. The African Leopard: Ecology and Behaviour of a Solitary Felid. Columbia University Press, New York.
- Clubb, R.E., 2001. The roles of foraging niche, rearing conditions and current husbandry on the development of stereotypies in carnivores. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford.
- Clubb, R., Mason, G., 2002. A Review of the Welfare of Zoo Elephants in Europe. RSPCA, Horsham, West Sussex, UK.
- Clubb, R., Mason, G., 2004. Pacing polar bears and stoical sheep: testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses about animal welfare. In: Kirkwood, J.K., Roberts, E.A., Vickery, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the UFAW International Symposium Science in the Service of Animal Welfare, 2003, Edinburgh, Anim. Welf. 13, S33-S40.
- Clubb, R., Vickery, S.S., in press. Locomotory stereotypies in carnivores: does pacing stem from hunting, ranging or frustrated escape?, in: Mason, G., Rushen, J. (Eds.), Stereotypic Behaviour in Captive Animals: Fundamentals and Applications for Welfare, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford.
- Craighead, J.J., Sumner, J.S., Mitchell, J.A., 1995. The Grizzly Bears of Yellowstone. Island Press, Washington, DC.
- Creel, S., Creel, N.M., 2002. The African Wild Dog-Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford.
- Garner, J., in press. Perseveration and stereotypy: systems-level insights from clinical psychology, in: Mason, G., Rushen, J. (Eds.), Stereotypic Behaviour in Captive Animals: Fundamentals and Applications for Welfare, 2nd ed. CAB International.
- Ginsberg, J.R., Macdonald, D.W. (Eds.), 1990. Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs: An action Plan for the Conservation of Canids. IUCN, Switzerland.
- Gittleman, J.L., 1989b. The comparative approach in ethology: aims and limitations. In: Bateson, P.P.G., Klopfer, P.H. (Eds.), Perspectives in Ethology, vol. 8. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 55-76.
- Gittleman, J.L., Purvis, A., 1998. Body size and species-richness in carnivores and primates. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 265, 113-119.
- Harvey, P.H., Rambaut, A., 2000. Comparative analyses for adaptive radiations. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 355, 1599- 1605.
- Lewis, M.H., Presti, M.F., Lewis, J.B., Turner, C.A., in press. The neurobiology of stereotypy I: environmental complexity, in: Mason, G., Rushen, J., (Eds.), Stereotypic Behaviour in Captive Animals: Fundamentals and Applications for Welfare, 2nd ed. CAB International, Wallingford.
- Mason, G.J., 1991. Stereotypies: a critical review. Anim. Behav. 41, 1015-1037.
- Mason, G., in press. Stereotypic behaviour in captive animals: fundamentals, and implications for welfare and beyond, In:
- Mason, G., Rushen, J. (Eds.), Stereotypic Behaviour in Captive Animals: Fundamentals and Applications for Welfare, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford.
- Mason, G.J., Latham, N.R., 2004. Can't stop, won't stop: is stereotypy a reliable animal welfare indicator. In: Kirkwood, J.K., Roberts, E.A., Vickery, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the UFAW International Symposium Science Service on Animal Welfare, Edinburgh, Anim. Welf. 13, S57-S69.
- Meyer-Holzapfel, M., 1968. Abnormal behaviour in zoo animals. In: Fox, M.W. (Ed.), Abnormal Behaviour in Animals. Saunders, London, pp. 476-503.
- Novak, M.A., Meyer, J.S., Lutz, C., Tiefenbacher, S., in press. Social deprivation and social separation: developmental insights from primatology, in: Mason, G., Rushen, J. (Eds.), Stereotypic Behaviour in Captive Animals: Fundamentals and Applications for Welfare, 2nd ed. CAB International, Wallingford.
- Nowell, K., Jackson, P. (Eds.), 1996. Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Cambridge.
- Ormrod, S.A., 1987. Standards for modern captive animal management. In: Gibson, T.E. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Animal Welfare Foundation's Fourth Symposium: 'The Welfare of Animals in Captivity'. BVA Animal Welfare Foundation, pp. 22-27.
- Peters, R., 1979. Mental maps in wolf territoriality. In: Klinghammer, E. (Ed.), The Behavior and Ecology of Wolves. Garland STPM Press, New York, pp. 119-152.
- Petter, J.J., 1975. Breeding of Malagasy lemurs in captivity. In: Martin, R.D. (Ed.), Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity. Academic Press, London, pp. 187-202.
- Purvis, A., Gittleman, J.L., Cowlishaw, G., Mace, G.M., 2000. Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 267, 1947-1952.
- Schaller, G.B., 1972. The Serengeti Lion. University of Chicago Press.
- Snyder, N.F.R., Derrickson, S.R., Beissinger, S.R., Wiley, J.W., Smith, R.B., Toone, W.D., Miller, B., 1996. Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery. Conserv. Biol. 10, 338-348.
- Swaisgood, R.R., Shepherdson, D.J., 2005. Environmental enrichment as a strategy for mitigating stereotypies in zoo animals: a literature review and meta-analysis, in: Mason, G., Rushen, J. (Eds.), Stereotypic Behaviour in Captive Animals: Fundamentals and Applications for Welfare, 2nd ed. CAB International, Wallingford.
- Terio, K., Munson, L., 2000. Gastritis in cheetahs and relatedness to adrenal function. In: Pukazhenthi, B., Wildt, D., Mellen, J. (Eds.), Felid Taxon Advisory Group Action Plan. American Zoo and Aquarium Association, Wheeling, Virginia, p.
- Authors
- Clubb, R., & Mason, G. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Guelph (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mason, Georgia Jane
- ORCID
- Mason, Georgia Jane
- Venue
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 303-328
- ISSN
- 0168-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2085611098
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science (publishedVersion)
- The Atrium (University of Guelph) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- captive carnivores, animal welfare, stereotypy, ranging behavior, home range, enclosure design, environmental enrichment, infant mortality, species differences, hunting behavior, zoo breeding, polar bear, clouded leopard, American mink, brown bear, snow leopard
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
