The Effectiveness of Arthrospira Platensis and Microalgae in Relieving Stressful Conditions Affecting Finfish and Shellfish Species: An Overview
Open accessAbstract
Farmed fish and shrimp are continuously challenged by multiple stressors during their life stages, such as hypoxia, pH fluctuations, different salinities, high nitrite, un-ionized ammonia, injury during handling, inadequate nutrition, or food shortage, which can eventually adversely impact their health, welfare, and growth rates. Besides, these stressors can weaken production and decrease their resistance to diseases. Scientists and researchers have been making concerted efforts to find new, safe, and inexpensive supplements to mitigate the negative influences of stressors and thereby enhance the productivity of farmed aquatic animals. Some microalgae are microscopic unicellular organisms that were found to be promising feed supplements due to their richness in important nutrients such as minerals and vitamins. Moreover, some microalgae contain several bioactive phytochemicals that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Several field-controlled studies provided evidence that using microalgae as feed supplements led to improved growth, physiological functions, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in farmed finfish and shellfish species. This review article emphasizes the beneficial role of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis and seven microalgal species, including Chlorella vulgaris, Parietochloris incisa, Dunaliella salina, Aurantiochytrium sp., Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis sp., and Nannochloropsis oculata in mitigating stress effects in farmed finfish and shellfish species. The conclusions of this article throw light on the potential benefits of using microorganisms in aquaculture.
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Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have the potential to replace fish oil and fish meal in diets, enhancing growth and meat quality, stimulating immunity, and improving the pigmentation in various fish species.
“Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have the potential to replace fish oil and fish meal in diets, enhancing growth and meat quality, stimulating immunity, and improving the pigmentation in various fish species [26,51,52,53,54,55].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 3.1 (page unavailable) reports Spirulina as a fish-meal replacement and describes benefits for growth, immunity, pigmentation, and flesh quality. Section 4.1 (page unavailable) reports growth and pigmentation benefits from Chlorella, but describes it as a feed supplement rather than a fish-meal replacement. The copy does not establish fish-oil replacement by either Chlorella or Spirulina; section 4.6 discusses that potential for Aurantiochytrium instead. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpirulina (Arthrospira) sp., rich in carotenoids, enhances pigmentation in fish and neutralizes the toxicity of heavy metals, particularly copper and arsenic.
“Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp., rich in carotenoids, enhances pigmentation in fish and neutralizes the toxicity of heavy metals, particularly copper and arsenic [51,52,55].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 3.1 (page unavailable) describes Spirulina as rich in carotenoids and reports improved pigmentation in several fish species. The passages retrieved for heavy metals, copper, and arsenic do not report that Spirulina neutralizes copper or arsenic toxicity; that part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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References 153 · Cited by 62
Research works printed but not linked: 8
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- Authors
- Abdel-Latif, H. M. R., El-Ashram, S., Yilmaz, S., Naiel, M. A. E., Abdul Kari, Z., Hamid, N. K. A., Dawood, M. A. O., Nowosad, J., & Kucharczyk, D.
- Affiliations
- Kafrelsheikh University (EG)
- Zagazig University (EG)
- Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY)
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Hamid, Noor Khalidah Abdul
- ORCID
- Venue
- Aquaculture Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 24
- Pages
- 101135
- ISSN
- 2352-5134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4229369545
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 9.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Aquaculture Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University AVESIS (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, microalgae, aquaculture feed supplement, stress reduction, finfish, shellfish, cyanobacteria, Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Aurantiochytrium, Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis, Nannochloropsis oculata, disease resistance, antioxidant capacity, immunomodulation, hypoxia, salt stress, nitrite, ammonia, fish welfare
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