Cited by 25Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource ManagementWildlife Ecology and ConservationWildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation

Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot

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Junker, Jessica, Boesch, Christophe, Freeman, Theo, Mundry, Roger, Stephens, Colleen, Kühl, Hjalmar S.·2015·Basic and Applied Ecology

Abstract

Half of what remains of the ‘Guinean Forests of West Africa hotspot’ is located in Liberia. However, only about 2% of the country is officially protected. We systematically identified and evaluated priority areas for the protection of large mammals and biodiversity in Liberia under different conservation scenarios. We also assessed current proposed protected areas (PPAs) in terms of achieving pre-determined conservation targets, and determined potential wildlife and biodiversity loss within logging and mining concessions. We systematically collected nationwide data on chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) abundance, large mammal and tree taxonomic diversity, and human threats. We related these to environmental and human impact variables to develop nationwide spatial prediction models that also served as base-layers for spatial prioritization using MARXAN. We improved upon standard software output to evaluate spatial properties of selected sites, determine site-specific target contributions, and estimate potential wildlife and biodiversity loss within logging and mining concessions. The optimal conservation area network contained a candidate list of 92 areas that maximized biodiversity and chimpanzee abundance, minimized threats, and accomplished the preservation of 30% of Liberia's forests. It included more than half of West Africa's second largest chimpanzee population, which spatially coincided with that of some of the most diverse large mammal and tree communities. Logging and mining concessions largely overlapped with existing PPAs and conservation priority areas established in this study, and considerably increased their fragmentation. Existing PPAs, however, only partially covered our areas of prioritization and proved insufficient in meeting conservation targets. We emphasize the need for finding a balance between development and biodiversity conservation, such as through aggregate biodiversity offsets, the use of which is currently being discussed by local government, international investors, and conservation NGOs. Die Hälfte des ‘Guinean Forests of West Africa hotspot’ liegt in Liberia, jedoch sind nur ungefähr 2% des Landes offiziell geschützt. Wir haben systematisch Gegenden von hoher Priorität bezüglich des Schutzes großer Säugetiere und Biodiversität unter Verwendung verschiedener Naturschutzszenarien in Liberia identifiziert und evaluiert. Zusätzlich haben wir aktuell vorgeschlagene bzw. zukünftige Naturschutzgebiete (PPAs) dahingehend bewertet, ob vorbestimmte Naturschutzziele erreicht werden können. Außerdem haben wir potentielle Wild- und Biodiversitätsverluste bestimmt, die durch die zukünftige Abholzung und den Abbau von Rohmineralien zu erwarten sind. Hierzu erhoben wir systematisch und landesweit Daten über das Vorkommen von Schimpansen (Pan troglodytes verus) und der taxonomischen Diversität großer Säuger und Bäumen sowie der Bedrohung, die von den Menschen ausgeht. Diese Daten setzten wir dann in Relation mit ökologischen und menschlichen Einflüssen, um landesweite räumliche Abundanz- und Verbreitungsmodelle zu entwickeln, welche gleichzeitig als Grundlage für die Priorisierung mit dem Softwareprogramm MARXAN dienten. Die Leistung dieser Software haben wir erheblich verbessert indem wir die Datenausgabe von MARXAN zusätzlich nachbearbeitet haben um so räumliche Eigenschaften von ausgewählten Gegenden besser auszuwerten, ortsspezifische Beiträge zu den vorbestimmten Naturschutzzielen besser bestimmen zu können und die potentiellen Auswirkungen der Konzessionen für Holz- und Rohstoffabbau (Konzessionen) zu bewerten. Die potenziellen Schutzgebiete, welche unter der Prämisse optimaler Landnutzung bestimmt wurden, beinhalteten 92 Gegenden. Diese waren hauptsächlich im stark bewaldeten Nordwesten und dem Südosten lokalisiert unter Berücksichtigung maximaler Biodiversität und Schimpansendichte, bei gleichzeitig minimaler menschlicher Bedrohung und Bezug nehmend auf das Regierungsziel 30% des restlichen Waldes schützen zu wollen. Diese Gebiete beinhalteten mehr als 50% der gesamten liberianischen Schimpansenpopulation. Die Verbreitung dieser Schimpansen korrelierte signifikant mit einigen der artenreichsten Populationen großer Säugetiere und Baumarten. Erteilte Konzessionen erhöhten deutlich die Zersplitterung von Naturschutzgebieten. PPAs überlappten teilweise mit Gebieten hoher Priorität, aber es zeigte sich, dass diese nicht ausreichen um die vorbestimmten Naturschutzziele zu erreichen. Ein Großteil der Konzessionen überlappte mit existierenden PPAs und Gebieten hoher Priorität und zwar so weit, dass momentane Pläne zur Rohstoffentwicklung in Liberia zukünftige Naturschutzbemühungen untergraben und das langfristige Überleben einer der letzten großen Schimpansenpopulationen in Westafrika und der einheimischen Biodiversität gefährden könnte. Wir betonen die Notwendigkeit ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Entwicklung und Naturschutz zu schaffen, wie zum Beispiel durch ‘aggregate biodiversity offsets’,

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Authors
Junker, J., Boesch, C., Freeman, T., Mundry, R., Stephens, C., & Kühl, H. S.
Affiliations
  • Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
  • Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (DE)
  • German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (DE)
Corresponding author
Junker, Jessica
Venue
Basic and Applied Ecology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-12
Volume
16
Issue
8
Pages
690-702
ISSN
1439-1791 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1547994496
Cited by
25
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
FWCI
0.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Basic and Applied Ecology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Robert Bosch Stiftung
  • Max-Planck Society
  • Arcus Foundation
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
Keywords
biodiversity conservation, conservation prioritization, protected areas, chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, large mammals, tree species diversity, logging concessions, mining concessions, forest fragmentation, biodiversity offsetting, economic development versus conservation, spatial prioritization, Liberia, anthropogenic threats, spatial prediction models, Marxan, conservation targets

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