Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: Regulation of release and uptake
Open accessAbstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by clearance by the DA transporter, diffusion, and extracellular metabolism. We review how axonal DA release is regulated by neuronal activity and by autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and address how quantal release events are regulated in size and frequency. In brain regions densely innervated by DA axons, DA clearance is due predominantly to uptake by the DA transporter, whereas in cortex, midbrain, and other regions with relatively sparse DA inputs, the norepinephrine transporter and diffusion are involved. We discuss the role of DA uptake in restricting the sphere of influence of DA and in temporal accumulation of extracellular DA levels upon successive action potentials. The tonic discharge activity of DA neurons may be translated into a tonic extracellular DA level, whereas their bursting activity can generate discrete extracellular DA transients.
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Dysregulated dopamine homeostasis in SNc DA neurons could cause an abnormal increase in the releasable pool of dopamine vesicles at axonal terminals within the DLS via alterations in axonal vesicular dopamine release probability and/or reuptake of released dopamine at axonal terminals of SNc DA neurons within the DLS.
“Dysregulated dopamine homeostasis in SNc DA neurons could in turn cause an abnormal increase in the releasable pool of dopamine vesicles at axonal terminals within the DLS via alterations in axonal vesicular dopamine release probability and/or reuptake of released dopamine at axonal terminals of SNc DA neurons within the DLS (Jin et al. 2024; Sulzer et al. 2016).”
From Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Astrocytes Exacerbates Dopaminergic Neuron Loss in a 6-Hydroxydopamine Mouse Model of Parkinsonism (2026) · cites this paper as Sulzer et al. 2016
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe release of dopamine by SNc DA neurons can act on somatodendritic D2 receptors, thereby inhibiting dopamine release at DA axonal terminals in the striatum.
“previous studies have shown that the release of dopamine by SNc DA neurons can act on somatodendritic D2 receptors, thereby inhibiting dopamine release at DA axonal terminals in the striatum (Cragg and Greenfield 1997; Hikima et al. 2021; Sulzer et al. 2016).”
From Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Astrocytes Exacerbates Dopaminergic Neuron Loss in a 6-Hydroxydopamine Mouse Model of Parkinsonism (2026) · cites this paper as Sulzer et al. 2016
Section 1.4 says D2 receptors occur on the somatodendritic portions of midbrain dopamine neurons and that D2 autoreceptors inhibit striatal dopamine release. It also distinguishes regulation at midbrain cell bodies from local regulation at striatal axons and focuses on the latter. The passages do not establish the claimed sequence in which dopamine released by SNc neurons activates somatodendritic D2 receptors and thereby inhibits release at striatal terminals. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCSDS-induced changes in the activity of NAc cholinergic interneurons contribute to social behavior deficits, perhaps via regulation of local DA release or excitatory synaptic transmission.
“CSDS-induced changes in the activity of NAc cholinergic interneurons also appears to contribute to the social behavior deficits [163], perhaps via regulation of local DA release [164] or excitatory synaptic transmission [165].”
From Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
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References 463 · Cited by 382
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [208]Araujo DM Hilt DC Miller PJ Wen D Jiao S Lapchak PA ret receptor tyrosine kinase immunoreactivity is altered in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive neurons following lesions of the nigrostriatal and septohippocampal pathways Neuroscience 1997 80 9 16 9252216
- [248]Brimblecombe KR Gracie CJ Platt NJ Cragg SJ Gating of dopamine transmission by calcium and axonal N-, Q-, T- and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels differs between striatal domains J Physiol 2015 593 929 946 25533038 PMC4398530
- [307]Weiner DM Levey AI Brann MR Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal ganglia Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 87 7050 7054 2402490 PMC54680
- [444]Gonon F Buda M Regulation of dopamine release by impulse flow and by autoreceptors as studied by in vivo voltammetry in the rat striatum Neuroscience 1985 14 765 774 2986044
- Authors
- Sulzer, D., Cragg, S. J., & Rice, M. E.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sulzer, David
- Cragg, Stephanie J.
- Rice, Margaret E.
- Venue
- Basal Ganglia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 123-148
- ISSN
- 2210-5336 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4850498
- OpenAlex
- W2302615100
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 463
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 18.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Basal Ganglia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Parkinson's UK (J-1403, G-0803, H-1003, G-1103, G-0808, J-0901, G-1305, G-1504)
- National Institutes of Health (DA07418, DA10154, MH108186, DA033811)
- Medical Research Council (MR/J004324/1, MR/K013866/1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH108186)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P01DA010154, R01DA033811, R01DA038616, R03DA039440, R01DA007418)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS036362)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- striatal dopamine, dopamine release, dopamine transporter, dopamine uptake, dopamine autoreceptors, quantal release, norepinephrine transporter, extracellular dopamine, dopamine metabolism, dopaminergic neurons
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