CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 57Cancer-related Molecular PathwaysWnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancerDevelopmental Biology and Gene Regulation

TBX2 and TBX3: The special value for anticancer drug targets

Open access
Lu, Juan, Li, Xiang-Ping, Dong, Qi, Kung, Hsiang-fu, He, Ming-Liang·2010·Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
DOI 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.07.001PMC PMC7127380
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

TBX2 and TBX3 are members of the T-box family of transcription factors, which are implicated in embryonic development. Unlike most members of the T-box family, TBX2 and TBX3 are the only mammalian T-box factors which function as transcriptional repressors, mediated by the repression domain in the C-terminal. In addition to a role in development, recent evidence suggests that TBX2 and TBX3 are overexpressed in a number of cancers, including melanoma, breast, liver, lung, pancreas, ovarian, and cervical cancers. However, there is little information about the mechanisms for how these T-box genes contribute to tumorigenesis. Upregulation of TBX2 and TBX3 suppresses the expression of p14(ARF) and p21(CIP1) and promotes bypass of senescence through inactivation of p53 pathway. TBX2 functionally interacts with pRb, and pRb modulates TBX2 functional specificity. In addition, TBX2 is a player of Wnt signaling while TBX3 is a downstream target of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, and overexpression of TBX2 and TBX3 represses the expression of E-cadherin, which is demonstrated to be a prerequisite for epithelial tumor cell invasion. Moreover, TBX2 is shown to interact with EGR1 to block multiple downstream tumor suppressors. Here, we review the current knowledge on TBX2 and TBX3 in tumorigenesis and prospect their special value for development of target-based anticancer drugs.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.07.001

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Only 56 residues between Leu558 and Ser623 of Tbx3 are highly conserved among vertebrates with 80% sequence identity.

    “only 56 residues were found to be highly conserved between Leu558 and Ser623 with 80% sequence identity.45”

    From Novel HDAC5-interacting motifs of Tbx3 are essential for the suppression of E-cadherin expression and for the promotion of metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (2018) · cites this paper as [45]

    The section ‘The T domain and the repression domain (RD)’ says that 56 residues between amino acids 558–623 are highly conserved in an alignment of TBX2 and TBX3 across species. It does not report 80% sequence identity or identify the endpoints as Leu558 and Ser623. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 74

  1. [1]Smith J. T-box genes: what they do and how they do it Trends Genet. 15 1999 154 158 10203826
  2. [2]He M. Wen L. Campbell C.E. Wu J.Y. Rao Y. Transcription repression by Xenopus ET and its human ortholog TBX3, a gene involved in ulnar-mammary syndrome Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 10212 10217 10468588 PMC17868
  3. [3]Carreira S. Dexter T.J. Yavuzer U. Easty D.J. Goding C.R. Brachyury-related transcription factor Tbx2 and repression of the melanocyte-specific TRP-1 promoter Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 1998 5099 5108 9710594 PMC109095
  4. [5]Herrmann B.G. Labeit S. Poustka A. King T.R. Lehrach H. Cloning of the T gene required in mesoderm formation in the mouse Nature 343 1990 617 622 2154694
  5. [6]Pflugfelder G.O. Roth H. Poeck B. A homology domain shared between Drosophila optomotor-blind and mouse Brachyury is involved in DNA binding Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186 1992 918 925 1497674
  6. [7]Papaioannou V.E. Silver L.M. The T-box gene family Bioessays 20 1998 9 19 9504043
  7. [8]Agulnik S.I. Garvey N. Hancock S. Ruvinsky I. Chapman D.L. Agulnik I. Bollag R. Papaioannou V. Silver L.M. Evolution of mouse T-box genes by tandem duplication and cluster dispersion Genetics 144 1996 249 254 8878690 PMC1207498
  8. [9]Showell C. Binder O. Conlon F.L. T-box genes in early embryogenesis Dev. Dyn. 229 2004 201 218 14699590 PMC1635809
  9. [10]Bamshad M. Lin R.C. Law D.J. Watkins W.C. Krakowiak P.A. Moore M.E. Franceschini P. Lala R. Holmes L.B. Gebuhr T.C. Bruneau B.G. Schinzel A. Seidman J.G. Seidman C.E. Jorde L.B. Mutations in human TBX3 alter limb, apocrine and genital development in ulnar-mammary syndrome Nat. Genet. 16 1997 311 315 9207801
  10. [11]Li Q.Y. Newbury-Ecob R.A. Terrett J.A. Wilson D.I. Curtis A.R. Yi C.H. Gebuhr T. Bullen P.J. Robson S.C. Strachan T. Bonnet D. Lyonnet S. Young I.D. Raeburn J.A. Buckler A.J. Law D.J. Brook J.D. Holt-Oram syndrome is caused by mutations in TBX5, a member of the Brachyury (T) gene family Nat. Genet. 15 1997 21 29 8988164
  11. [12]Basson C.T. Bachinsky D.R. Lin R.C. Levi T. Elkins J.A. Soults J. Grayzel D. Kroumpouzou E. Traill T.A. Leblanc-Straceski J. Renault B. Kucherlapati R. Seidman J.G. Seidman C.E. Mutations in human TBX5 [corrected] cause limb and cardiac malformation in Holt-Oram syndrome Nat. Genet. 15 1997 30 35 8988165
  12. [13]Abrahams A. Parker M.I. Prince S. The T-box transcription factor Tbx2: its role in development and possible implication in cancer IUBMB Life 62 2010 92 102 19960541
  13. [14]Abrahams A. Mowla S. Parker M.I. Goding C.R. Prince S. UV-mediated regulation of the anti-senescence factor Tbx2 J. Biol. Chem. 283 2008 2223 2230 18025091
  14. [15]Wilson V. Conlon F.L. The T-box family Genome Biol. 3 2006 (REVIEWS3008) PMC139375 12093383
  15. [16]Kispert A. Koschorz B. Herrmann B.G. The T protein encoded by Brachyury is a tissue-specific transcription factor EMBO J. 14 1995 4763 4772 7588606 PMC394574
  16. [17]Ghosh T.K. Packham E.A. Bonser A.J. Robinson T.E. Cross S.J. Brook J.D. Characterization of the TBX5 binding site and analysis of mutations that cause Holt-Oram syndrome Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 2001 1983 1994 11555635
  17. [18]Lingbeek M.E. Jacobs J.J. van Lohuizen M. The T-box repressors TBX2 and TBX3 specifically regulate the tumor suppressor gene p14ARF via a variant T-site in the initiator J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 26120 26127 12000749
  18. [19]Conlon F.L. Fairclough L. Price B.M. Casey E.S. Smith J.C. Determinants of T box protein specificity Development 128 2001 3749 3758 11585801
  19. [20]Müller C.W. Herrmann B.G. Crystallographic structure of the T domain-DNA complex of the Brachyury transcription factor Nature 389 1997 884 888 9349824
  20. [21]Coll M. Seidman J.G. Müller C.W. Structure of the DNA-bound T-box domain of human TBX3, a transcription factor responsible for ulnar-mammary syndrome Structure 10 2002 343 356 12005433
  21. [22]Murakami M. Nakagawa M. Olson E.N. Nakagawa O. A WW domain protein TAZ is a critical coactivator for TBX5, a transcription factor implicated in Holt–Oram syndrome Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 2005 18034 18039 16332960 PMC1312418
  22. [23]Kanai F. Marignani P.A. Sarbassova D. Yagi R. Hall R.A. Donowitz M. Hisaminato A. Fujiwara T. Ito Y. Cantley L.C. Yaffe M.B. TAZ: a novel transcriptional co-activator regulated by interactions with 14-3-3 and PDZ domain proteins EMBO J. 19 2000 6778 6791 11118213 PMC305881
  23. [24]Lamolet B. Pulichino A.M. Lamonerie T. Gauthier Y. Brue T. Enjalbert A. Drouin J. A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins Cell 104 2001 849 859 11290323
  24. [25]Wang G.S. Hong C.J. Yen T.Y. Huang H.Y. Ou Y. Huang T.N. Jung W.G. Kuo T.Y. Sheng M. Wang T.F. Hsueh Y.P. Transcriptional modification by a CASK-interacting nucleosome assembly protein Neuron 42 2004 113 128 15066269
  25. [26]Messenger N.J. Kabitschke C. Andrews R. Grimmer D. Núñez Miguel R. Blundell T.L. Smith J.C. Wardle F.C. Functional specificity of the Xenopus T-domain protein Brachyury is conferred by its ability to interact with Smad1 Dev. Cell 8 2005 599 610 15809041
  26. [27]Singh R. Horsthuis T. Farin H.F. Grieskamp T. Norden J. Petry M. Wakker V. Moorman A.F. Christoffels V.M. Kispert A. Tbx20 interacts with smads to confine tbx2 expression to the atrioventricular canal Circ. Res. 105 2009 442 452 19661464
  27. [28]Redmond K.L. Crawford N.T. Farmer H. D'Costa Z.C. O'Brien G.J. Buckley N.E. Kennedy R.D. Johnston P.G. Harkin D.P. Mullan P.B. T-box 2 represses NDRG1 through an EGR1-dependent mechanism to drive the proliferation of breast cancer cells Oncogene 29 2010 3252 3262 20348948
  28. [30]Yarosh W. Barrientos T. Esmailpour T. Lin L. Carpenter P.M. Osann K. Anton-Culver H. Huang T. TBX3 is overexpressed in breast cancer and represses p14 ARF by interacting with histone deacetylases Cancer Res. 68 2008 693 699 18245468
  29. [31]Sinclair C.S. Adem C. Naderi A. Soderberg C.L. Johnson M. Wu K. Wadum L. Couch V.L. Sellers T.A. Schaid D. Slezak J. Fredericksen Z. Ingle J.N. Hartmann L. Jenkins R.B. Couch F.J. TBX2 is preferentially amplified in BRCA1- and BRCA2-related breast tumors Cancer Res. 62 2002 3587 3591 12097257
  30. [32]Adem C. Soderberg C.L. Hafner K. Reynolds C. Slezak J.M. Sinclair C.S. Sellers T.A. Schaid D.J. Couch F. Hartmann L.C. Jenkins R.B. ERBB2, TBX2, RPS6KB1, and MYC alterations in breast tissues of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers Genes Chromosom. Cancer 41 2004 1 11 15236312
  31. [33]Jacobs J.J. Keblusek P. Robanus-Maandag E. Kristel P. Lingbeek M. Nederlof P.M. van Welsem T. van de Vijver M.J. Koh E.Y. Daley G.Q. van Lohuizen M. Senescence bypass screen identifies TBX2, which represses Cdkn2a (p19(ARF)) and is amplified in a subset of human breast cancers Nat. Genet. 26 2000 291 299 11062467
  32. [34]Fan W. Huang X. Chen C. Gray J. Huang T. TBX3 and its isoform TBX3+2a are functionally distinctive in inhibition of senescence and are overexpressed in a subset of breast cancer cell lines Cancer Res. 64 2004 5132 5139 15289316
  33. [35]Lomnytska M. Dubrovska A. Hellman U. Volodko N. Souchelnytskyi S. Increased expression of cSHMT, Tbx3 and utrophin in plasma of ovarian and breast cancer patients Int. J. Cancer 118 2006 412 421 16049973
  34. [36]Mahlamäki E.H. Bärlund M. Tanner M. Gorunova L. Höglund M. Karhu R. Kallioniemi A. Frequent amplification of 8q24, 11q, 17q, and 20q-specific genes in pancreatic cancer Genes Chromosom. Cancer 35 2002 353 358 12378529
  35. [37]Duo S. Tiao-Dong T. Lei Z. Wei W. Hong-Li S. Xian-Wei D. Expression and clinical significance of tbx2 in pancreatic cancer Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 10 2009 118 122 19469638
  36. [38]Hansel D.E. Rahman A. House M. Ashfaq R. Berg K. Yeo C.J. Maitra A. Met proto-oncogene and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 overexpression correlates with metastatic ability in well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms Clin. Cancer Res. 10 2004 6152 6158 15448002
  37. [39]Law D.J. Gebuhr T. Garvey N. Agulnik S.I. Silver L.M. Identification, characterization, and localization to chromosome 17q21-22 of the human TBX2 homolog, member of a conserved developmental gene family Mamm. Genome 6 1995 793 797 8597636
  38. [40]Wu G. Sinclair C. Hinson S. Ingle J.N. Roche P.C. Couch F.J. Structural analysis of the 17q22–23 amplicon identifies several independent targets of amplification in breast cancer cell lines and tumors Cancer Res. 61 2001 4951 4955 11431322
  39. [41]Bärlund M. Monni O. Kononen J. Cornelison R. Torhorst J. Sauter G. Kallioniemi O.L.L.I.-P. Kallioniemi A. Multiple genes at 17q23 undergo amplification and overexpression in breast cancer Cancer Res. 60 2000 5340 5344 11034067
  40. [42]Vance K.W. Carreira S. Brosch G. Goding C.R. Tbx2 is overexpressed and plays an important role in maintaining proliferation and suppression of senescence in melanomas Cancer Res. 65 2005 2260 2268 15781639
  41. [43]Rodriguez M. Aladowicz E. Lanfrancone L. Goding C.R. Tbx3 represses E-cadherin expression and enhances melanoma invasiveness Cancer Res. 68 2008 7872 7881 18829543
  42. [46]Teng H. Davis E. Abrahams A. Mowla S. Parker M.I. Prince S. A role for Tbx2 in the regulation of the alpha2(1) collagen gene in human fibroblasts J. Cell. Biochem. 102 2007 618 625 17407139
  43. [47]Yin X.J. Xu J.N. Zou C.Q. He F.S. Fang F.D. Genes differentially expressed in human lung fibroblast cells transformed by glycidyl methacrylate Biomed. Environ. Sci. 17 2004 432 441 15745248
  44. [48]Davis E. Teng H. Bilican B. Parker M.I. Liu B. Carriera S. Goding C.R. Prince S. Ectopic Tbx2 expression results in polyploidy and cisplatin resistance Oncogene 27 2008 976 984 17700536
  45. [49]Roninson I.B. Tumor cell senescence in cancer treatment Cancer Res. 63 2003 2705 2715 12782571
  46. [51]Zhu J. Woods D. McMahon M. Bishop J.M. Senescence of human fibroblasts induced by oncogenic Raf Genes Dev. 12 1998 2997 3007 9765202 PMC317194
  47. [52]Campisi J. Cellular senescence as a tumor-suppressor mechanism Trends Cell Biol. 11 2001 S27 S31 11684439
  48. [53]Sherr C.J. Weber J.D. The ARF/p53 pathway Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10 2000 94 99 10679383
  49. [54]Waldman T. Kinzler K.W. Vogelstein B. p21 is necessary for the p53-mediated G1 arrest in human cancer cells Cancer Res. 55 1995 5187 5190 7585571
  50. [57]Carlson H. Ota S. Song Y. Chen Y. Hurlin P.J. Tbx3 impinges on the p53 pathway to suppress apoptosis, facilitate cell transformation and block myogenic differentiation Oncogene 21 2002 3827 3835 12032820
  51. [58]Prince S. Carreira S. Vance K.W. Abrahams A. Goding C.R. Tbx2 directly represses the expression of the p21(WAF1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Cancer Res. 64 2004 1669 1674 14996726
  52. [59]Hoogaars W.M. Barnett P. Rodriguez M. Clout D.E. Moorman A.F. Goding C.R. Christoffels V.M. TBX3 and its splice variant TBX3 + exon 2a are functionally similar Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21 2008 379 387 18444963
  53. [60]Mason S.L. Loughran O. La Thangue N.B. p14(ARF) regulates E2F activity Oncogene 21 2002 4220 4230 12082609
  54. [61]Rocha S. Campbell K.J. Perkins N.D. p53- and Mdm2-independent repression of NF-kappa B transactivation by the ARF tumor suppressor Mol. Cell 12 2003 15 25 12887889
  55. [62]Weinberg R.A. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control Cell 81 1995 323 330 7736585
  56. [63]Dyson N. The regulation of E2F by pRB-family proteins Genes Dev. 12 1998 2245 2262 9694791
  57. [64]Ogawa H. Ishiguro K. Gaubatz S. Livingston D.M. Nakatani Y. A complex with chromatin modifiers that occupies E2F- and Myc-responsive genes in G0 cells Science 296 2002 1132 1136 12004135
  58. [65]Rayman J.B. Takahashi Y. Indjeian V.B. Dannenberg J.H. Catchpole S. Watson R.J. te Riele H. Dynlacht B.D. E2F mediates cell cycle-dependent transcriptional repression in vivo by recruitment of an HDAC1/mSin3B corepressor complex Genes Dev. 16 2002 933 947 11959842 PMC152357
  59. [67]Chen P.L. Riley D.J. Chen-Kiang S. Lee W.H. Retinoblastoma protein directly interacts with and activates the transcription factor NF-IL6 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 1996 465 469 8552662 PMC40259
  60. [68]Chen P.L. Riley D.J. Chen Y. Lee W.H. Retinoblastoma protein positively regulates terminal adipocyte differentiation through direct interaction with C/EBPs Genes Dev. 10 1996 2794 2804 8946919
  61. [69]Nead M.A. Baglia L.A. Antinore M.J. Ludlow J.W. McCance D.J. Rb binds c-Jun and activates transcription EMBO J. 17 1998 2342 2352 9545246 PMC1170577
  62. [70]Vance K.W. Shaw H.M. Rodriguez M. Ott S. Goding C.R. The retinoblastoma protein modulates Tbx2 functional specificity Mol. Biol. Cell Jun 9 2010 PMC2912361 20534814
  63. [71]Vormer T.L. Foijer F. Wielders C.L. te Riele H. Anchorage-independent growth of pocket protein-deficient murine fibroblasts requires bypass of G2 arrest and can be accomplished by expression of TBX2 Mol. Cell. Biol. 28 2008 7263 7273 18936168 PMC2593436
  64. [72]Reya T. Clevers H. Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer Nature 434 2005 843 850 15829953
  65. [73]Clevers H. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in development and disease Cell 127 2006 469 480 17081971
  66. [74]Fong S. Emelyanov A. Teh C. Korzh V. Wnt signalling mediated by Tbx2b regulates cell migration during formation of the neural plate Development 132 2005 3587 3596 16033799
  67. [75]Schmalhofer O. Brabletz S. Brabletz T. E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and ZEB1 in malignant progression of cancer Cancer Metastasis Rev. 28 2009 151 166 19153669
  68. [76]Baron V. Adamson E.D. Calogero A. Ragona G. Mercola D. The transcription factor Egr1 is a direct regulator of multiple tumor suppressors including TGFbeta1, PTEN, p53, and fibronectin Cancer Gene Ther. 13 2006 115 124 16138117 PMC2455793
  69. [77]Lane A.A. Chabner B.A. Histone Deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy J. Clin. Oncol. 27 2009 5459 5468 19826124
  70. [78]Zheng B.J. Guan Y. Hez M.L. Sun H. Du L. Zheng Y. Wong K.L. Chen H. Chen Y. Lu L. Tanner J.A. Watt R.M. Niccolai N. Bernini A. Spiga O. Woo P.C. Kung H.F. Yuen K.Y. Huang J.D. Synthetic peptides outside the spike protein heptad repeat regions as potent inhibitors of SARS-associated coronavirus Antivir. Ther. 10 2005 393 403 15918330
  71. [79]Selivanova G. Iotsova V. Okan I. Fritsche M. Ström M. Groner B. Grafström R.C. Wiman K.G. Restoration of the growth suppression function of mutant p53 by a synthetic peptide derived from the p53 C-terminal domain Nat. Med. 3 1997 632 638 9176489
  72. [80]Bonfanti M. Taverna S. Salmona M. D'Incalci M. Broggini M. p21WAF1-derived peptides linked to an internalization peptide inhibit human cancer cell growth Cancer Res. 57 1997 1442 1446 9108443
  73. [81]Fåhraeus R. Laín S. Ball K.L. Lane D.P. Characterization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory domain of the INK4 family as a model for a synthetic tumour suppressor molecule Oncogene 16 1998 587 596 9482104
  74. [82]Zhou Y. Du W. Koretsky T. Bagby G.C. Pang Q. TAT-mediated intracellular delivery of NPM-derived peptide induces apoptosis in leukemic cells and suppresses leukemogenesis in mice Blood 112 2008 2474 2483 18574026 PMC2532814

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lu, J., Li, X.-P., Dong, Q., Kung, H.-F., & He, M.-L.
Affiliations
Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Corresponding author
He, Ming-Liang
ORCID
Venue
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-12
Volume
1806
Issue
2
Pages
268-274
ISSN
0304-419X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.07.001
PMC
PMC7127380
OpenAlex
W2026571063
Cited by
57
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 4
FWCI
0.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Innovation and Technology Commission
  • Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • Hong Kong Government
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Keywords
TBX2, TBX3, T-box transcription factor, transcriptional repression, carcinogenesis, anticancer drug targets, p14ARF, p21, p53 pathway, retinoblastoma protein, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, E-cadherin, epithelial invasion, EGR1, tumor suppressor
MeSH terms
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Signal Transduction, Retinoblastoma Protein, Protein Structure, Tertiary, T-Box Domain Proteins, Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF, beta Catenin, Early Growth Response Protein 1

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review