Unpredictable saccharin reinforcement enhances locomotor responding to amphetamine
Open accessAbstract
Drug-naïve, non-deprived rats were trained to lever press for saccharin under fixed-ratio (FR) or variable-ratio (VR) schedules of reinforcement. Rats trained on the VR schedule in which saccharin reinforcement was not predicted by a fixed number of lever presses subsequently showed an enhanced locomotor response to a threshold amphetamine challenge injection (0.5mg/kg IP) administered 2 weeks following the last saccharin session. This finding suggests that chronic exposure to gambling-like conditions of uncertain reinforcement can induce neuroadaptations in brain reward systems that are similar to those produced by repeated psychostimulant exposure and may lead to the development of addictive behaviors.
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There is evidence for cross-sensitization between drugs of abuse and gambling.
“There is also evidence for cross-sensitization between drugs of abuse and gambling (Boileau et al., 2014; Mascia et al., 2018; Singer, Scott-Railton, & Vezina, 2012; Zack, Featherstone, Mathewson, & Fletcher, 2014; Zeeb et al., 2017)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Singer, Scott-Railton, & Vezina, 2012
Rats trained to press a lever for reward on a variable schedule showed a greater locomotor response to amphetamine than those rewarded on a fixed schedule.
“In a similar study, Singer and his collaborators found that rats trained to press a lever for reward on a variable schedule showed a greater locomotor response to amphetamine than those who were rewarded on a fixed schedule (Singer et al., 2012).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Singer et al., 2012
There is direct evidence for cross-sensitization of the dopaminergic system under gambling-like conditions in animals.
“There is also direct evidence for cross-sensitization of the dopaminergic system under gambling-like conditions in animals (Mascia et al., 2018; Singer et al., 2012; Zack et al., 2014; Zeeb et al., 2017).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Singer et al., 2012
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References 61 · Cited by 117
- Authors
- Singer, B. F., Scott-Railton, J., & Vezina, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, B.F.
- ORCID
- Singer, B.F.
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 226
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 340-344
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3216637
- OpenAlex
- W2068805523
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Chicago Community Trust
- Chicago Biomedical Consortium
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA009397, T32-DA07255, R01-DA09397, F31DA030021, T32DA007255)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- saccharin, amphetamine, variable-ratio reinforcement, fixed-ratio reinforcement, unpredictability, addiction
- MeSH terms
- Amphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Male, Motivation, Motor Activity, Reinforcement Schedule, Reward, Saccharin, Self Administration, Sweetening Agents, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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