The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards
Abstract
During recent years there has been increasing public concern on potential health risks from power-frequency fields (extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; ELF) and from radiofrequency/microwave radiation emissions (RF) from wireless communications. Non-thermal (low-intensity) biological effects have not been considered for regulation of microwave exposure, although numerous scientific reports indicate such effects. The BioInitiative Report is based on an international research and public policy initiative to give an overview of what is known of biological effects that occur at low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure. Health endpoints reported to be associated with ELF and/or RF include childhood leukaemia, brain tumours, genotoxic effects, neurological effects and neurodegenerative diseases, immune system deregulation, allergic and inflammatory responses, breast cancer, miscarriage and some cardiovascular effects. The BioInitiative Report concluded that a reasonable suspicion of risk exists based on clear evidence of bioeffects at environmentally relevant levels, which, with prolonged exposures may reasonably be presumed to result in health impacts. Regarding ELF a new lower public safety limit for habitable space adjacent to all new or upgraded power lines and for all other new constructions should be applied. A new lower limit should also be used for existing habitable space for children and/or women who are pregnant. A precautionary limit should be adopted for outdoor, cumulative RF exposure and for cumulative indoor RF fields with considerably lower limits than existing guidelines, see the BioInitiative Report. The current guidelines for the US and European microwave exposure from mobile phones, for the brain are 1.6 W/Kg and 2 W/Kg, respectively. Since use of mobile phones is associated with an increased risk for brain tumour after 10 years, a new biologically based guideline is warranted. Other health impacts associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields not summarized here may be found in the BioInitiative Report at www.bioinitiative.org.
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“Furthermore, the FCC has earmarked the 401–406 MHz bands for Medical Device Radio Communication Service (MDRC), with varying channel bandwidths between 100 and 300 kHz (Hardell and Sage, 2008; Stam, 2018; Soliman et al., 2021).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Hardell and Sage, 2008
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Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000
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Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat.
Lai, H. C., & Singh, N. P. (2004) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6355 · Cited by 345
Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for ⩾10 years
Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Söderqvist, F., Mild, K. H., & Morgan, L. L. (2007) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2006.029751 · Cited by 213
Self-citationHardell, L., Carlberg, M., & Mild, K. H. (2006) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0088-5 · Cited by 204
Self-citationPhillips, J. L., Ivaschuk, O. I., Ishida-Jones, T., Jones, R. A., Campbell-Beachler, M., & Haggren, W. (1998) · Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0302-4598(98)00074-9 · Cited by 151
Blackman, C. F., Kundi, M., Carpenter, D., Gee, D., Mild, K. H., Xu, Z., & Sage, S. A. (2007) · Cited by 125
Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., & Mild, K. H. (2006) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.28.2.509 · Cited by 122
Self-citationPublic Health Impact of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Kheifets, L., Afifi, A. A., & Shimkhada, R. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8977 · Cited by 102
Environmental risk factors for sporadic acoustic neuroma (Interphone Study Group, Germany)
Schlehofer, B., Schlaefer, K., Blettner, M., Berg‐Beckhoff, G., Böhler, E., Hettinger, I., Kunna-Grass, K., Wahrendorf, J., & Schüz, J. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.05.008 · Cited by 93
Use of mobile phones in Norway and risk of intracranial tumours
Klæboe, L., Blaasaas, K. G., & Tynes, T. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/01.cej.0000203616.77183.4c · Cited by 83
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Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data
Khurana, V. G., Teo, C., Kundi, M., Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2009) · Surgical Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2009.01.019 · Cited by 272
Self-citationDual‐Functional Graphene Composites for Electromagnetic Shielding and Thermal Management
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hardell, L., & Sage, C.
- Affiliations
- Örebro University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hardell, Lennart
- ORCID
- Hardell, Lennart
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 104-109
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2153114746
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 10.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
- Keywords
- extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, microwave irradiation, non-thermal biological effects, public exposure limits, power transmission lines, mobile phone radiation, pediatric leukemia, precautionary principle, electromagnetic field regulation, genotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Child, Electromagnetic Fields, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Pregnancy, Radiation Monitoring, Radio Waves, Risk Assessment, Cell Phone
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