The beneficial pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of picroside II: Evidence of its benefits from in vitro and in vivo
Open accessAbstract
Picrorhiza kurroa, the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth, is a famous Chinese herb that has been traditionally used in China. Picroside II (PII), a glycoside derivative, is the main bioactive constituent of Picrorhiza kurroa. In the past several decades, bioactive components from Picrorhiza kurroa have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising therapeutic effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PII for the prevention and treatment of some diseases, such as organic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, liver damage, inflammation, cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. In the present paper, we aimed to provide an overview of the pharmacology of PII, focusing on its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Meanwhile, the plant tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic properties were also described. Due to its beneficial pharmacological effects in I/R injury, PII may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for organic I/R injury prevention.
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Picroside II has immunomodulatory effects that alleviate inflammatory damage in various diseases by regulating immune cell differentiation, activating inflammatory signaling pathways, and secreting inflammatory factors.
“Furthermore, previous studies have shown that picroside II has excellent immunomodulatory effects, which can alleviate inflammatory damage in various diseases by regulating immune cell differentiation, activating inflammatory signaling pathways, and secreting inflammatory factors [6,17,18,19].”
From Picroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Section 5 (Anti-inflammatory effects of PII; page unavailable) reports that picroside II alleviated inflammation and improved immune function in several disease models. But the mechanisms are misstated: the review generally reports inhibition of inflammatory pathways and reduced inflammatory cytokines, not their activation or increased secretion. It does not clearly establish regulation of immune-cell differentiation as a mechanism for the reported protection. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPicroside II is a representative iridoid compound and the major bioactive constituent of Picrorhizae rhizoma.
“And picroside II, a representative iridoid compound, is the major bioactive constituent of Picrorhizae rhizoma.”
From Picroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Picrorhizae rhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine with prominent anti-inflammatory effect.
“Picrorhizae rhizoma is a type of traditional Chinese medicine with prominent anti-inflammatory effect.”
From Picroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Picroside II exerts protective effects on multiple organs, including the brain, heart, and kidney, primarily through anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-apoptosis.
“It exerts protective effects on multiple organs, including the brain, heart, and kidney, primarily through various mechanisms such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-apoptosis [6,17,18,19].”
From Picroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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Cites
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- R. Jotte, F. Cappuzzo, I. Vynnychenko, D. Stroyakovskiy, D. Rodriguez-Abreu, M. Hussein, R. Soo, H.J. Conter, T. Kozuki, K.C. Huang, V. Graupner, S.W. Sun, T. Hoang, H. Jessop, M. McCleland, M. Ballinger, A. Sandler, M.A. Socinski, Atezolizumab in combination with carboplatin and nab-paclitaxel in advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower131): results from a randomized phase III trial, J. Thorac. Oncol. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2020.03. 028. · DOI
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Wang, F., Xiao, J., Li, M., He, Q., Wang, X., Pan, Z., Li, S., Wang, H., & Zhou, C. (2024) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308731 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationPicroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent
Ren, Y., Liu, Z., Wei, L., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, Y., & Ma, Z. (2026) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18040499 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In recent years, natural products have emerged as promising sources of novel anti-inflammatory drugs due to their high biological activities and low toxicity [6–9].”
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- Authors
- Ma, S., Wang, X., Lai, F., & Lou, C.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lou, Chenghua
- ORCID
- Wang, Xueyi
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 130
- Pages
- 110421
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3042539648
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (2019ZG32)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
- Keywords
- picroside II, Picrorhiza kurroa, pharmacological activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-apoptotic effects, ischemia-reperfusion injury, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, glycosides, liver injury, metastasis, angiogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Cinnamates, Drugs, Chinese Herbal, Humans, Medicine, Chinese Traditional, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, Picrorhiza, Iridoid Glucosides
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