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Cited by 100Schizophrenia research and treatmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMental Health and Psychiatry

Set-Shifting Ability and Schizophrenia: A Marker of Clinical Illness or an Intermediate Phenotype?

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Ceaser, Alan E., Goldberg, Terry E., Egan, Michael F., McMahon, Robert P., Weinberger, Daniel R., Gold, James M.·2008·Biological Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.009PMC PMC3466115
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Abstract

Background Impairments of executive functioning, such as set-shifting ability, are seen as core deficits of schizophrenia and are of interest as candidate intermediate phenotype markers. The Intradimensional/Extradimensional (ID/ED) shift task offers a differentiated assessment of shifting from previously reinforced stimuli as well as shifting from previously reinforced features and has proven to be sensitive to the impairment seen in patients with schizophrenia. Methods We examined ID/ED performance in 147 patients with schizophrenia, 131 of their healthy siblings, and 303 healthy control subjects. Participants were recruited from local and national sources as volunteers for the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch/National Institute of Mental Health "sibling study". Results Nearly all control subjects (87%) finished the task successfully, as did 80% of siblings. In contrast only 54% of patients with schizophrenia were able to complete the task. Despite the apparent similarity of performance across the sibling and healthy comparison group, the two groups differed significantly in terms of the number of stages until failure. This difference, however, was not present at any particular stage or any other measure of performance. Conclusions Patients demonstrated robust ID/ED deficits. However, their siblings were minimally impaired, and this impairment did not seem to run in families. These results suggest that impairments on attentional set shifting assessed by ID/ED task are strongly associated with clinical illness, but these impairments are not a promising intermediate phenotype.

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References 41 · Cited by 100

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Authors
Ceaser, A. E., Goldberg, T. E., Egan, M. F., McMahon, R. P., Weinberger, D. R., & Gold, J. M.
Affiliations
  • National Institute of Mental Health (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
Corresponding author
Weinberger, Daniel R.
ORCID
Venue
Biological Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008-11
Volume
64
Issue
9
Pages
782-788
ISSN
0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.009
PMC
PMC3466115
OpenAlex
W2121732417
Cited by
100
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
FWCI
4.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002712)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords
schizophrenia, set-shifting, executive function, endophenotypes, siblings, family transmission, cognitive impairment
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Siloxanes, Young Adult

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