The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fear Extinction in Traumatized Civilians with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Relation to Symptom Severity
Open accessAbstract
Background The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be explained, at least in part, as an inability to inhibit learned fear during conditions of safety. Our group has shown that fear inhibition is impaired in both combat and civilian PTSD populations. On the basis of our earlier findings, we employed an established fear extinction paradigm to further explore fear dysregulation in a civilian traumatized population.Methods Fear-potentiated startle (FPS) was examined in 127 trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD. We used a protocol in which conditioned fear was first acquired through the presentation of one colored shape (reinforced conditioned stimulus, [CS+]) that was paired with an aversive air blast to the larynx (unconditioned stimulus) and a different colored shape that was not paired to the air blast (nonreinforced condition stimulus). Fear was extinguished 10 min later through repeated presentations of the CSs without reinforcement.Results Both groups demonstrated successful fear conditioning on the basis of startle and unconditioned stimulus-expectancy ratings; however, participants with PTSD displayed greater FPS responses to the CS+ and nonreinforced conditioned stimulus compared with the group without PTSD. During fear extinction, the PTSD group showed elevated FPS responses to the previously reinforced CS+ during the early and middle stages of extinction. During the acquisition and extinction phases, PTSD participants with higher levels of reexperiencing symptoms exhibited greater potentiated startle responses to the CS+ compared with PTSD participants with lower reexperiencing symptoms.Conclusions These results suggest that PTSD is associated with enhanced fear learning and a greater "fear load" to extinguish after conditioned fear is acquired.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The same study showed a more robust fear response to both the CS+ (danger cue) and the CS− (safety cue) during acquisition that was associated with higher re-experiencing and hyperarousal symptoms.”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“High levels of conditioned fear remaining during late extinction are related to impaired inhibition, as it is best predicted by responses to the CS− (i.e., safety signal) at the end of acquisition (15).”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“For example, our group showed heightened levels of fear during early extinction in a previously traumatized population with PTSD consisting of primarily African-American women living in a low-socioeconomic urban environment; we termed this pattern of extinction learning as being indicative of “fear load,” or the over-expression of fear during early extinction.”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“With regard to over-expression of acquired fear, previous work from our lab (15) suggests that the early phase of within-session extinction learning involves persistent excitation, as it is predicted by the level of fear expression to the CS+ (i.e., the danger signal) at the end of acquisition.”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“In addition, during extinction learning, increased fear-potentiated startle was associated with re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD (15).”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,168
Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., et al. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 · Cited by 6,419
Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care
Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040603 · Cited by 4,778
Binder, E. B. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.11.1291 · Cited by 1,362
Neurobiological Basis of Failure to Recall Extinction Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Milad, M. R., Pitman, R. K., Ellis, C. B., Gold, A. L., Shin, L. M., Lasko, N. B., Zeidan, M. A., Handwerger, K., Orr, S. P., & Rauch, S. L. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.026 · Cited by 1,339
Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD
SHIN, L. M., RAUCH, S. L., & PITMAN, R. K. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.007 · Cited by 1,203
(2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,118
Rauch, S. L., Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Macklin, M. L., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00828-3 · Cited by 1,111
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond
Michopoulos, V., Powers, A., Gillespie, C. F., Ressler, K. J., & Jovanovic, T. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.146 · Cited by 786
Self-citationTang, W., Hu, T., Hu, B., Jin, C., Wang, G., Xie, C., Chen, S., & Xu, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.009 · Cited by 787
Duits, P., Cath, D. C., Lissek, S., Hox, J. J., Hamm, A. O., Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., & Baas, J. M. P. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22353 · Cited by 726
Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art
Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542 · Cited by 671
Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits
Ressler, K. J., Berretta, S., Bolshakov, V. Y., Rosso, I. M., Meloni, E. G., Rauch, S. L., & Carlezon, W. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00635-8 · Cited by 572
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Olin, I. W., Sands, L. A., Karapanou, I., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 556-563
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3052965
- OpenAlex
- W2046222481
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 19.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Department of Defense/Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program (W81XWH-08-2-0170)
- Emory University Research Committee
- Clinical and Translational Science Award program, National Institutes of Health (UL1 RR025008)
- National Center for Research Resources
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32 MH070129, MH071537)
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
- National Centers for Research Resources (M01 RR00039)
- Burroughs Wellcome Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, fear extinction, fear potentiation, fear conditioning, fear inhibition, re-experiencing symptoms, symptom severity, civilian trauma
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Psychophysics, Severity of Illness Index, Reflex, Startle, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Wounds and Injuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
