Phosphene induction by microstimulation of macaque V1
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Non-human primates are being used to develop a cortical visual prosthesis for the blind. We use the properties of electrical microstimulation of striate cortex (area V1) of macaque monkeys to make inferences about phosphene induction. Our analysis is based on well-established properties of V1: retino-cortical magnification factor, receptive-field size, and the characteristics of hypercolumns. We argue that phosphene size is dependent on the amount of current delivered to V1 and on the retino-cortical magnification factor. We suggest that to improve the correspondence between the site of stimulation within V1 and the visual field location of an elicited phosphene both eyes must be put under experimental control given that phosphene location is retinocentric and given that the vergence angle between the eyes might affect the position of a phosphene in depth. Knowing how electrical microstimulation interacts with cortical tissue to evoke percepts in behaving macaque monkeys is fundamental to the establishment of an effective cortical visual prosthesis for the blind.
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Our simulator is the first to incorporate empirical models of current spread in cortical tissue to simulate the effects of stimulation current on phosphene size.
“However, our simulator is the first to incorporate empirical models of the current spread in cortical tissue (Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007; Winawer and Parvizi, 2016; Bosking et al., 2017) to simulate the effects of stimulation current on the phosphene size.”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007
There is ambivalence in reports of phosphene color, including descriptions ranging from black or white to different tones of color.
“Regarding the color of phosphenes, there is still some ambivalence in the reports, including descriptions of phosphene color ranging from black or white to different tones of color (Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007; Tehovnik et al., 2009; Schmidt et al., 1996).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007
The color shift with higher stimulation amplitudes may be explained by increased current spread spanning multiple cortical columns coding for different visual characteristics, giving rise to phosphenes with amalgamated features.
“This effect may be explained by the increased current spread for higher stimulation amplitudes, which is predicted to span multiple cortical columns coding for different visual characteristics (e.g. orientation or color), thus giving rise to phosphenes with amalgamated features (Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007
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References 56 · Cited by 83
- Authors
- Tehovnik, E. J., & Slocum, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tehovnik, Edward J.
- ORCID
- Slocum, Warren M.
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 337-343
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1850969
- OpenAlex
- W1999098769
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Eye Institute (R01EY014884, EY014884)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- electrical microstimulation, primary visual cortex, macaque, cortical visual prosthesis, receptive field size, hypercolumns, binocular vergence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Eye Movements, Macaca, Phosphenes, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields
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