The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 16 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Does habituation matter? Emotional processing theory and exposure therapy for acrophobia
Open accessAbstract
Clinically, there is wide subscription to emotional processing theory (EPT; Foa & Kozak, 1986) as a model of therapeutic effectiveness of exposure therapy: EPT purports that exposure is maximal when (1) fear is activated (IFA), (2) fear subsides within sessions (WSH), and (3) fear subsides between sessions (BSH). This study examined these assumptions, using in vivo exposure therapy for 44 students scoring high on acrophobia measures. Results indicated that no EPT variables were consistently predictive of treatment outcome. No support was found for IFA or WSH; measures of BSH were predictive of short-term change, but these effects were attenuated at follow-up. Furthermore, EPT variables were not predictive of each other as previously hypothesized, indicating the variables are not functionally related.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
15 Own result · 12 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 2 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though participants did not show significant decreases in average heart rate during the BAT (F (1,2) < 1, p = .58).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, no relationship was found between WSH and BSH.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, neither HR-WSH nor SUDS-WSH significantly predicted any outcome change measure, in either baseline-immediate or baseline-post.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: The operationalization of IFA, WSH, and BSH using peak or quartile differences in HR and SUDS adequately captures the theoretical constructs.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither SUDS-IFA nor HR-IFA significantly predicted any outcome change measure, across baseline-immediate or baseline-post.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: The operationalization of IFA, WSH, and BSH using peak or quartile differences in HR and SUDS adequately captures the theoretical constructs.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicated that no EPT variables were consistently predictive of treatment outcome.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: The operationalization of IFA, WSH, and BSH using peak or quartile differences in HR and SUDS adequately captures the theoretical constructs.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Correlations among the six measures of emotional processing theory (see Table 3) yielded only two significant results: HR-IFA correlated significantly with HR-WSH (r = .462, p =.003), and SUDS-IFA correlated significantly with SUDS-WSH (r = .528, p =.000).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences were found between the two groups, so they were collapsed for the purposes of this paper.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Methods > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beyond that, the amount of unique variance that is explained by WSH was miniscule (ranging from 0 to 4.7%).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: The operationalization of IFA, WSH, and BSH using peak or quartile differences in HR and SUDS adequately captures the theoretical constructs.
In the paper
“EPT has found scant support over the twenty-plus years in existence (see Craske et al., 2008 for review), and this study was unable to produce any results that support the over-arching theory.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craske et al., 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would seem to suggest that EPT is not a viable explanation of the mechanism of change in exposure therapy, and further research should look to uncover possible alternative theories to explain this phenomenon.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: The operationalization of IFA, WSH, and BSH using peak or quartile differences in HR and SUDS adequately captures the theoretical constructs.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“BSH is purported to form the basis for long term learning, and to be mediated by changes in the meaning proposition, in the form of lowered probability of harm (i.e., risk) and lessened negativity (i.e., valence) of the stimulus.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Foa & Kozak, 1986 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited Foa and Kozak (1986) paper returned no open-access snippets, so its full text could not be checked directly. A snippet from “Current State of the Art in Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” closely matches the claim: it says between-session habituation forms the basis for long-term learning through changed meaning, lowered expectation of harm, and lessened negativity (score 0.427). That passage attributes the emotional-processing account to Foa and colleagues, supporting this as a paraphrase of the cited theory rather than a misattribution. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“WSH is considered a necessary pre-requisite for the second piece of incompatible information, which derives from between-session habituation (BSH) over repeated occasions of exposure.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Foa & Kozak, 1986 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited Foa and Kozak (1986) paper returned no searchable full-text snippets, so the wording cannot be checked directly. A snippet from “Current State of the Art in Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” states, “Within-session habituation is a necessary prerequisite for between-session habituation” (score 0.721) in its account of Foa and colleagues’ emotional-processing theory. That supports attribution of the claim as a theoretical premise, though the same review says later evidence did not establish the premise empirically. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SUDS-BSH predicted change in AQ scores from baseline to immediate (ΔR2 = .151, p = .009), but not from baseline to post (ΔR2 = .039, p = .199).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR-BSH predicted change in HR during BAT from baseline to immediate (ΔR2 = .307, p = .000), but not baseline to post (ΔR2 = .001, p = .854).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SUDS-IFA correlated significantly with SUDS-WSH (r = .528, p =.000).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR-IFA correlated significantly with HR-WSH (r = .462, p =.003)”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SUDS-BSH predicted change in SUDS-maximum during BAT from baseline to immediate (ΔR2 = .273, p = .000) and from baseline to post (ΔR2 = .187, p = .002).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
In the paper
“The mean acrophobia fear score on the AQ was 62.63 (SD = 13.33) (maximum score = 120), which is comparable to a clinical sample (61.30, SD = 15.85; Cohen, 1977).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, 1977 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall the treatment was found to be effective, with participants showing significant change in the subjective outcome variables of AQ (F (1,2) = 62.32, p <.001) and SUDS during the BAT (F (1,2) = 64.46, p <.001).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average exposure duration across both sessions was 21.27 minutes (SD = 17.25), though there was a large range in total exposure time, so it was used as a covariate in all analyses.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“EPT purports that exposure is maximal when (1) fear is activated (IFA), (2) fear subsides within sessions (WSH), and (3) fear subsides between sessions (BSH).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa & Kozak, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A ‘fear structure’, as first put forth by Lang (1971), is a set of propositions about a stimulus (e.g., spider), response (e.g., racing heart) and their meaning (e.g., “I will be poisoned”) that are stored in memory.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lang, 1971
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“EPT purports that the effects of exposure therapy derive from activation of a ‘fear structure’ and integration of information that is incompatible with it, resulting in the development of a non-fear structure that replaces (Foa & Kozak, 1986) or competes with (Foa & McNally, 1996) the original one.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa & Kozak, 1986 source
- Not checked yetcites Foa & McNally, 1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EPT purports that exposure is maximal when (1) fear is activated (IFA), (2) fear subsides within sessions (WSH), and (3) fear subsides between sessions (BSH).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa & Kozak, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“EPT purports that exposure is maximal when (1) fear is activated (IFA), (2) fear subsides within sessions (WSH), and (3) fear subsides between sessions (BSH).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa & Kozak, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results raise serious doubts about the role of within-session habituation as a mechanism of change, and while between-session habituation may have some limited effects immediately, there appear to be other more important factors that play into long-term results of exposure therapy.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
- Rests on an assumption: The operationalization of IFA, WSH, and BSH using peak or quartile differences in HR and SUDS adequately captures the theoretical constructs.
In the paper
“Differential autonomic conditioning in particular is strongly associated with verbal measures of contingency knowledge (e.g., Purkis & Lipp, 2001).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Purkis & Lipp, 2001
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Expectancies also are important for extinction; extinction is posited to follow from a mismatch between the expectancy of an aversive event and the absence of its occurrence (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972), or from the perception of a negative change in the rate at which aversive events are associated with the CS (Gallistel & Gibbon, 2000).”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rescorla & Wagner, 1972
- Not checked yetcites Gallistel & Gibbon, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is especially problematic for EPT, as WSH is presumed to be a necessary prerequisite for BSH.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, contingency awareness (i.e., knowledge that a specific CS predicts a US), although of debatable necessity for conditioned responding (e.g., Lovibond & Shanks, 2002, versus Ohman & Mineka, 2001) is a strong correlate of conditioned responding.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lovibond & Shanks, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Ohman & Mineka, 2001 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These data have been interpreted to suggest that durations of a continuous CS presentation during extinction that exceed the length of the CS during acquisition induces extinction learning most effectively by violating the temporal expectancy of the US, and that once induced, extinction learning is best consolidated with spaced training.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Heart rate is a valid index of fear responding during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
“Heart rate data were collected continuously throughout the 2-minute anticipatory phase and the BAT using a Polar Vantage NV that provides wireless heart-rate monitoring with ECG-accurate continuous measurement, sampling once every five seconds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SUDS ratings are a valid measure of subjective fear during exposure and the behavioral avoidance test.
“Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS; 0–100) and self efficacy (0–100) (confidence in being able to complete the task successfully) were each rated after a 2-minute anticipatory period and before initiating the BAT.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The operationalization of IFA, WSH, and BSH using peak or quartile differences in HR and SUDS adequately captures the theoretical constructs.
“IFA was operationalized as the peak in HR or SUDS score in the first quartile, or minute whichever was longer, of the first exposure session.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other studies have demonstrated no effect of within- or between-session distress reduction on changes in anxiety following exposure therapy (Baker et al., 2010; Peterman et al., 2019).”
From Are within- and between-session changes in distress associated with treatment outcomes? Findings from two clinical trials of exposure for eating disorders (2024) · cites this paper as Baker et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recently, there has been considerable debate over the necessity of between-session habituation in individuals undergoing exposure therapy (Baker et al., 2010; Craske et al., 2008).”
From Does change in distress matter? Mechanisms of change in prolonged exposure for PTSD (2014) · cites this paper as Baker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“In VRET, presence is likely a moderator of intervention effects: an adequate sense of presence could arguably be considered a prerequisite for evoking a fear response that can then be attenuated through the same mechanisms as in traditional exposure therapy [37].”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F (1,2) = 64.46, p <.001”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
Reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .015
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F (1,2) = 62.32, p <.001”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
Reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .016
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 2) = 62.32reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .016
“F (1,2) = 62.32, p < .001”
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 2) = 64.46reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .015
“F (1,2) = 64.46, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 2) < 1reported p = .58 · recomputed p = .423
“F (1,2) < 1, p = .58”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Abstract
“Furthermore, EPT variables were not predictive of each other as previously hypothesized, indicating the variables are not functionally related.”
§ Does Habituation Matter? Emotional Processing Theory and Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia > Results > Pre-treatment Variables
“Correlations among the six measures of emotional processing theory (see Table 3) yielded only two significant results: HR-IFA correlated significantly with HR-WSH (r = .462, p =.003), and SUDS-IFA correlated significantly with SUDS-WSH (r = .528, p =.000).”
Citations
Cites
Rescorla, R. A. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,268
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Garfield, S. L., Bergin, A. E., & Dryden, W. (1987) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.1.4.264a · Cited by 3,998
Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 · Cited by 3,147 · cited 1×
“For example, contingency awareness (i.e., knowledge that a specific CS predicts a US), although of debatable necessity for conditioned responding (e.g., Lovibond & Shanks, 2002, versus Ohman & Mineka, 2001) is a strong correlate of conditioned responding.”
BackgroundHandbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Sanford, E. F. (1988) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1988.42.1.153 · Cited by 2,586
Habituation: a dual-process theory.
Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F. (1970) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/h0029810 · Cited by 2,110
Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003 · Cited by 1,607
Self-citationGallistel, C. R., & Gibbon, J. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.289 · Cited by 1,134
Principles of psychophysiology : physical, social, and inferential elements
Cacioppo, J. T., & Tassinary, L. G. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 780
The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications.
Lovibond, P. F., & Shanks, D. R. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.3 · Cited by 725
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Taylor, S. J. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)80355-x · Cited by 497
Anxiety disorders: psychological approaches to theory and treatment
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5351 · Cited by 419
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Rapee, R. M. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · Cited by 349
Lang, P. J. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 320
Perspectives in cardiovascular psychophysiology
(1984) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(84)90190-1 · Cited by 296
Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia
Cohen, D. C. (1977) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80116-0 · Cited by 216
The return of fear: Review and prospect
Rachman, S. (1989) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(89)90025-1 · Cited by 165
Kozak, M. J., Foa, E. B., & Steketee, G. (1988) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(88)80039-x · Cited by 162
Temporally massed CS presentations generate more fear extinction than spaced presentations.
Cain, C. K., Blouin, A. M., & Barad, M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.29.4.323 · Cited by 144
Self-directed desensitization for acrophobia
Baker, B. L., Cohen, D. C., & Saunders, J. T. (1973) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(73)90071-5 · Cited by 109
Does Affective Learning Exist in the Absence of Contingency Awareness?
Purkis, H. M., & Lipp, O. V. (2001) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1006/lmot.2000.1066 · Cited by 89
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006 · Cited by 2,339
“…evidence against habituation approaches, neither fear reduction nor ending fear levels predict long term outcome from extinction or exposure (Baker et al., 2010; Culver et al., 2012; Kircanski et al., 2012; Plendl & Wotjak, 2010; Prenoveau et al., 2013; Rescorla, 2006 e discussed in prior…”
InfluentialSelf-citationRole of inhibition in exposure therapy
Craske, M. G., Liao, B., Brown, L., & Vervliet, B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.026511 · Cited by 237
Self-citationLindner, P., Miloff, A., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Powers, M. B., & Carlbring, P. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1280843 · Cited by 187
Optimizing exposure therapy with an inhibitory retrieval approach and the OptEx Nexus
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Zbozinek, T. D., & Vervliet, B. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104069 · Cited by 195
Self-citationBlakey, S. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.07.002 · Cited by 200
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, A., Mystkowski, J., Culver, N., Yi, R., Mortazavi, A., & Craske, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Claremont Graduate University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, Aaron
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1139-1143
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2956764
- OpenAlex
- W2093146307
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH072259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- emotional processing theory, exposure therapy, acrophobia, fear extinction, in vivo exposure, treatment outcome prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Desensitization, Psychologic, Emotions, Female, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
