The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Artificial intelligence in digital breast pathology: Techniques and applications
Open accessAbstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The mainstay of breast cancer workup is histopathological diagnosis - which guides therapy and prognosis. However, emerging knowledge about the complex nature of cancer and the availability of tailored therapies have exposed opportunities for improvements in diagnostic precision. In parallel, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) along with the growing digitization of pathology slides for the primary diagnosis are a promising approach to meet the demand for more accurate detection, classification and prediction of behaviour of breast tumours. In this article, we cover the current and prospective uses of AI in digital pathology for breast cancer, review the basics of digital pathology and AI, and outline outstanding challenges in the field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“AI algorithms skillfully analyze medical imaging and electronic health records to detect health changes that indicate the presence of cancer.”
From Edge AI for Early Detection of Chronic Diseases and the Spread of Infectious Diseases: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2017) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3065386 · Cited by 112,155 · cited 1×
“Deep learning techniques utilize millions of neuron-like units in order to learn complex relationship between image pixel values and its semantic labels, without the need for manual feature engineering–the features are learned automatically from data [20,21].”
BackgroundLeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14539 · Cited by 84,126
Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation
Haykin, S. (1998) · Cited by 30,070
Book Review: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
Nasrabadi, N. M. (2007) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.2819119 · Cited by 22,066 · cited 1×
“Most ML algorithms can be viewed as mathematical models that map a set of observed variables, known as ‘ features ’ or ‘ predictors ’ , of a data point or sample, into a set of outcome variables, known as ‘ labels ’ or ‘ targets ’ [18,19].”
BackgroundAdvances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25
Zhang, Y., Sutton, C. A., Storkey, A., & Zoubin Ghahramani, A. (2012) · Cited by 12,653
Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention
Xu, K., Ba, J., Kiros, R., Cho, K., Courville, A., Salakhutdinov, R., Zemel, R., & Bengio, Y. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1502.03044 · Cited by 8,248 · cited 1×
“Previous study [35] also explored interpretability methods [71,72] to understand what were the input features that triggers the model’s activation in identifying tumor.”
Gulshan, V., Peng, L., Coram, M., Stumpe, M. C., Wu, D., Narayanaswamy, A., Venugopalan, S., Widner, K., Madams, T., Cuadros, J., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17216 · Cited by 7,697
Neural networks: A comprehensive foundation
Tadeusiewicz, R. (1995) · Control Engineering Practice · doi:10.1016/0967-0661(95)90080-2 · Cited by 7,217
Ehteshami Bejnordi, B., Veta, M., Johannes van Diest, P., van Ginneken, B., Karssemeijer, N., Litjens, G., van der Laak, J. A. W. M., and the CAMELYON16 Consortium, Hermsen, M., Manson, Q. F., et al. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.14585 · Cited by 3,293 · cited 2×
“Babaketal.,2017 detected lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients with a higher diagnostic achievement over 11 pathologists [33]”
BackgroundMethodPattern recognition and machine learning
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-5091 · Cited by 2,783
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Mukhopadhyay, 2017, Whole slide imaging versus microscopy for primary diagnosis in surgical pathology, Am J Surg Pathol, 1
- 2015, Website. the spatial heterogeneity and molecular correlates of lymphocytic infiltration in triple-negative breast cancer, J R Soc Interface
- Basavanhally, 2010, Computerized image-based detection and grading of lymphocytic infiltration in HER2 breast cancer histopathology, IEEE (Inst Electr Electron Eng) Trans Biomed Eng, 57, 642
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–203 of 203
Williams, N., Collins, G., Brooks, E., & Green, D. (2026) · Interdisciplinary Research in Medical Sciences Specialty · doi:10.51847/eopncqtqqw
Jin, T., Wang, L., & Zheng, S. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000050853
Zhi, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Yu, C., & Zhou, T. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.111540
Metadata
- Authors
- Ibrahim, A., Gamble, P., Jaroensri, R., Abdelsamea, M. M., Mermel, C. H., Chen, P.-H. C., & Rakha, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
- Google (United States) (US)
- Birmingham City University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rakha, Emad A.
- Venue
- The Breast
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 49
- Pages
- 267-273
- ISSN
- 0960-9776 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7375550
- OpenAlex
- W2995106101
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 1.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Breast (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, digital pathology, breast cancer, histopathological diagnosis, diagnostic precision
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Breast, Breast Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review