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Characterizing and minimizing the contribution of sensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials
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Abstract
Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) evokes voltage deflections in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, known as TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), which are increasingly used to study brain dynamics. However, the extent to which TEPs reflect activity directly evoked by magnetic rather than sensory stimulation is unclear. Objective To characterize and minimize the contribution of sensory inputs to TEPs. Methods Twenty-four healthy participants received TMS over the motor cortex using two different intensities (below and above cortical motor threshold) and waveforms (monophasic, biphasic). TMS was also applied over the shoulder as a multisensory control condition. Common sensory attenuation measures, including coil padding and noise masking, were adopted. We examined spatiotemporal relationships between the EEG responses to the scalp and shoulder stimulations at sensor and source levels. Furthermore, we compared three different filters (independent component analysis, signal-space projection with source informed reconstruction (SSP-SIR) and linear regression) designed to attenuate the impact of sensory inputs on TEPs. Results The responses to the scalp and shoulder stimulations were correlated in both temporal and spatial domains, especially after ∼60 ms, regardless of the intensity and stimuli waveform. Among the three filters, SSP-SIR showed the best trade-off between removing sensoryrelated signals while preserving data not related to the control condition. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that TEPs elicited by motor cortex TMS reflect a combination of transcranially and peripherally evoked brain responses despite adopting sensory attenuation methods during experiments, thereby highlighting the importance of adopting sensory control conditions in TMS-EEG studies. Offline filters may help to isolate the transcranial component of the TEP from its peripheral component, but only if these components express different spatiotemporal patterns. More realistic control conditions may help to improve the characterization and attenuation of sensory inputs to TEPs, especially in early responses.
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“While TEPs (particularly later TEPs) have been demonstrated to be influenced by somatosensory and auditory processing of the TMS pulse (Conde et al., 2019;Nikouline et al. 1999;Biabani et al. 2019;Biabani et al. 2021)”
From Investigation of neurobiological responses to theta burst stimulation during recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (2023) · cites this paper as Biabani et al. 2019
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“However, given the high likelihood of sensory contributions to the late components (Biabani et al. 2019, Conde et al. 2019, Biabani et al. 2021, Gordon et al. 2021, Rocchi et al. 2021, Biabani et al. 2024), TEP quantification focussed exclusively on the early peaks.”
From Mild traumatic brain injury alters function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study (2025) · cites this paper as Biabani et al. 2019
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Metadata
- Authors
- Biabani, M., Fornito, A., Mutanen, T. P., Morrow, J., & Rogasch, N. C.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Biabani, Mana
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1537-1552
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- OpenAlex
- W2959546607
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- TMS-evoked potentials, sensory attenuation, TMS-EEG, motor cortex stimulation, independent component analysis, noise masking, spatio-temporal correlation, control conditions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Cortex, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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