The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Higher cerebrospinal fluid to plasma ratio of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In Parkinson's disease (PD), impairment of brain to blood barrier and/or blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier is described. It can increase the level of uremic toxins in CSF. So far, role of these compounds in neurological disorders has not been completely understood. However, a link has been observed between chronic kidney disease and neurological disorders. We measured the concentrations of uremic toxins (i.e. indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol sulfate (pCS), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)) in CSF and plasma, and correlated them with inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. METHODS: Plasma and CSF samples were collected from 27 volunteers (18 with PD and 9 controls). The level of toxins was determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In PD, for IS and pCS, CSF-plasma ratio was higher. Concentration of pCS in CSF was higher in PD compared to controls. TMAO level was also higher in plasma of that group. Patients with motor fluctuations had higher level of uremic toxins in CSF, but not in plasma. CONCLUSIONS: The level of pCS and IS in CSF of PD is higher than expected, based on their blood level. It can influence pathogenesis and progression of PD.
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“On the other hand, the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate is increased in PD patients.377,429 An elevated CSF/plasma ratio of indoxyl sulfate was detected in PD patients, with notably higher concentrations observed in patients experiencing motor fluctuations compared to those without motor fluctuations.429”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [429]
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Trzpis, M., Giil, L. M., Hov, J. R., Pollmann, C. T., Idland, A., Myrstad, M., McCann, A., Omdahl, T., Laman, J. D., Gans, R. O. B., et al. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106590
Microbiota-derived TMAO links PM 2.5 exposure to cognitive impairment: A gut–liver–brain axisPreprint
Akhlaq, H., Zhong, Y., Du, S., Ma, Z., Cheng, T., Yu, J., Hin, L. C., Formolo, D. A., Lee, P. K. H., Wang, B., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.24.727565
Schmidt, M. A., Schmidt, C. M., Schmidt, J. C., Meydan, C., Afshin, E. E., Overbey, E. G., Kim, J., Singh, R. S., Beheshti, A., & Mason, C. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1878680
Rajabi, E., Seyedi, Z. P., Ghamari, M., Mohammadzadeh, R., Mansouri, M., Götz, F., & Bostanghadiri, N. (2026) · Infectious Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.imj.2026.100290
Genetic therapies for Parkinson's disease: The dawn of precision medicine
Saad, H. A., Almarsafy, R. K., Mohammed, D. H., & Hefnawy, M. T. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-54032-5.00001-2
Metadata
- Authors
- Sankowski, B., Księżarczyk, K., Raćkowska, E., Szlufik, S., Koziorowski, D., & Giebułtowicz, J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Giebułtowicz, Joanna
- Venue
- Clinica Chimica Acta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 501
- Pages
- 165-173
- ISSN
- 0009-8981 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2984529289
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 6.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinica Chimica Acta (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, uremic toxins, CSF/plasma ratio, blood-brain barrier, blood-CSF barrier, trimethylamine N-oxide, symmetric dimethylarginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, oxidative stress, inflammation, motor fluctuations, chronic kidney disease
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cresols, Female, Humans, Indican, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Sulfuric Acid Esters, Biomarkers
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