Nonresolving Inflammation
Open accessAbstract
Nonresolving inflammation is a major driver of disease. Perpetuation of inflammation is an inherent risk because inflammation can damage tissue and necrosis can provoke inflammation. Nonetheless, multiple mechanisms normally ensure resolution. Cells like macrophages switch phenotypes, secreted molecules like reactive oxygen intermediates switch impact from pro- to anti-inflammatory, and additional mediators of resolution arise, including proteins, lipids, and gasses. Aside from persistence of initiating stimuli, nonresolution may result from deficiencies in these mechanisms when an inflammatory response begins either excessively or subnormally. This greatly complicates the development of anti-inflammatory therapies. The problem calls for conceptual, organizational, and statistical innovations.
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Chronic low-grade inflammation in the kidneys impairs normal repair mechanisms after injury and promotes immunosenescence and organ damage.
“Chronic low-grade inflammation in the kidneys can impair the normal repair mechanisms that occur following injury. This inflammation hampers intrinsic cellular repair mechanisms following injury and promotes immunosenescence and organ damage.151,152”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [152]
Chronic stress activation may compromise the immune functional balance and lead to dysregulation of inflammatory status and cell-mediated immunity.
“However, chronic stress activation may compromise the immune functional balance through setting different internal set-points and lead to a dysregulation of the inflammatory status and the cell-mediated immunity, together with other stress-related neurobiological and neuroendocrine responses [8,9,10].”
From Immune Cell Ratios Are Higher in Bipolar Affective than Unipolar Depressive Disorder and Modulated by Mood Episode: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Depressive symptoms further exacerbate inflammation and contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases of aging, many of which involve excessive cytokine activity.
“These symptoms are thought to further exacerbate inflammation and, in doing so, contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases of aging (6–8), many of which involve excessive cytokine activity (9, 10).”
From Clustering of depression and inflammation in adolescents previously exposed to childhood adversity (2012) · cites this paper as [9]
Dysregulation of macrophage phenotype and inability to resolve M1/M2 states and return to baseline contributes to chronic inflammatory and disease states and adverse tissue remodeling after injury.
“As will be discussed in the section which follows, dysregulation of macrophage phenotype and the inability to resolve polarized M1 or M2 states and return to tissue specific baselines is increasingly recognized to have an important role in chronic inflammatory and disease states, as well as adverse tissue remodeling following injury [31].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [31]
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References 82 · Cited by 2,183
- Authors
- Nathan, C., & Ding, A.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nathan, Carl
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 871-882
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4242171500
- Cited by
- 2,183
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 149 · 2024: 187 · 2023: 185 · 2022: 171 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 138 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 10.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Hearst Foundations
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- nonresolving inflammation, inflammation resolution, macrophage polarization, reactive oxygen species, anti-inflammatory mediators, necrosis, chronic inflammation, anti-inflammatory therapy, tissue damage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages, Inflammation Mediators
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