HIF-1α-regulated MIF activation and Nox2-dependent ROS generation promote Leishmania amazonensis killing by macrophages under hypoxia

Increasing attention is given to the finding that macrophages under hypoxia are capable of controlling infection by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania amazonensis. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α has been shown to play an essential role in this enhanced innate immune response. …