Hippocampal Network Dynamics during Rearing Episodes
Open accessAbstract
Animals build a model of their surroundings on the basis of information gathered during exploration. Rearing on the hindlimbs changes the vantage point of the animal, increasing the sampled area of the environment. This environmental knowledge is suggested to be integrated into a cognitive map stored by the hippocampus. Previous studies have found that damage to the hippocampus impairs rearing. Here, we characterize the operational state of the hippocampus during rearing episodes. We observe an increase of theta frequency paralleled by a sink in the dentate gyrus and a prominent theta-modulated fast gamma transient in the middle molecular layer. On the descending phase of rearing, a decrease of theta power is detected. Place cells stop firing during rearing, while a different subset of putative pyramidal cells is activated. Our results suggest that the hippocampus switches to a different operational state during rearing, possibly to update spatial representation with information from distant sources.
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During rearing, theta oscillations are even faster than during locomotion.
“Most notably, during rearing—a novelty-driven behavior where the animal stands on the hind limbs and engages in sensory sampling of the environment—theta oscillations are even faster than during locomotion11,29.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
In Results, under “Rearing Is Accompanied by Increased Hippocampal Theta Frequency” (page not provided), theta frequency rises during rearing, but its peak is reported as similar to the highest value during running: 8.2 ± 0.1 Hz in both conditions (p = 0.72). The source therefore does not support the claim that theta oscillations are even faster during rearing than during locomotion. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNew place fields can emerge in correspondence with awake immobility-related behaviors such as head scanning and rearing.
“Recent behavioral and electrophysiological studies have shown that new place fields can also emerge in correspondence with awake immobility-related behaviors (e.g., head scanning10, rearing11); however, the underlying plasticity mechanisms have remained unresolved.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The Discussion proposes that rearing may help update or refine a spatial map, but it does not report new place fields emerging in correspondence with rearing. Its statement that new fields emerge where rats stop and scan refers to a different behavior and cites Monaco et al. (2014). The Results instead report reduced firing of existing place cells during rearing. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNumerous exploratory behaviors linked to episodic learning occur in stationary animals, such as interactions with objects or conspecifics, rearing, and head-scanning behavior.
“Numerous exploratory behaviors linked to episodic learning occur in stationary animals (i.e., at a fixed spatial location), such as interactions with objects or conspecifics, rearing, and head-scanning behavior10–12.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The Introduction describes rearing as an exploratory behavior in which an animal stands on its hindlimbs and scans its surroundings; the Discussion links it to learning spatial information. The paper does not address interactions with objects or conspecifics as examples of stationary exploration, or establish a link between the listed behaviors and episodic learning. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent studies have shown that head-scanning behavior and rearing are associated with rapid reorganizations of the hippocampal spatial map.
“Indeed, recent studies have shown that head-scanning behavior and rearing are associated with rapid reorganizations of the hippocampal spatial map10,11.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The Results (page unavailable) show that place-cell firing decreases during rearing, while other hippocampal units become more active. The Discussion (page unavailable) proposes that rearing may help update the spatial map, but does not demonstrate a rapid reorganization of that map; it cites another study for the head-scanning finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActive exploratory behaviors occurring in stationary animals, like head-scanning behavior or rearing, are associated with fast Type-1-like theta oscillations.
“It is noteworthy that active exploratory behaviors occurring in stationary animals—like head-scanning behavior10 or rearing11—are associated with fast (Type-1-like) theta oscillations.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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References 56 · Cited by 46
- Authors
- Barth, A. M., Domonkos, A., Fernandez-Ruiz, A., Freund, T. F., & Varga, V.
- Affiliations
- HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Varga, Viktor
- Venue
- Cell Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1706-1715
- ISSN
- 2211-1247 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5978794
- OpenAlex
- W2801730825
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council (ERC-2011-ADG-294313-SERRACO)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- hippocampal network dynamics, theta oscillations, dentate gyrus, molecular layer, place cells, pyramidal neurons, spatial representation, cognitive maps, spatial exploration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Hippocampus, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nerve Net, Theta Rhythm, Entorhinal Cortex, Dentate Gyrus
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