Cited by 448Social Robot Interaction and HRIAttachment and Relationship DynamicsHuman-Automation Interaction and Safety

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Attachment and trust in artificial intelligence

Gillath, Omri, Ai, Ting, Branicky, Michael S., Keshmiri, Shawn, Davison, Robert B., Spaulding, Ryan·2021·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106607

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“Researchers have theorized trust in technology (Gille et al., 2020) and the formation of trust (Gillath et al., 2021; Jacovi et al., 2021), along with searching for ways to analyze trust specifically in human–AI Social Inclusion • 2025 • Volume 13 • Article 10001 interactions (Ferrario et al.,…”
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Elinzano, G. B. O., Payawal, B. O., & Ebardo, R. A. (2024) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2977-7_33 · Cited by 3
A risk-based trust framework for assuring the humans in human-machine teaming
Assaad, Z. (2024) · International Symposium on Trustworthy Autonomous Systems (TAS) · doi:10.1145/3686038.3686045 · Cited by 3
Understanding the Longitudinal Associations Between Attachment Style and AI Companion Use in Romantic Human-AI Relationships: A Three-Wave Panel Study
Yang, X. (2026) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2618548 · Cited by 3
“Specifically, the extant studies concentrate broadly on close connections with AI-based entities rather than solely on romantic relationships (e.g., Gillath et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2025).”
Role of Emotional Experience in AI Voice Assistant User Experience in Voice Shopping
Wang, X., Liu, Y., Wuji, S., & Luo, R. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57850-2_14 · Cited by 2
How Attachment Style Influences the Para-friendship between Users and Intelligent Personal Assistants
Chen, C. J. (2024) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Information Processing (AIIIP) · doi:10.1145/3707292.3707361 · Cited by 2
“However, individuals with high attachment anxiety will intensify pain and reduce positive effects when dealing with daily interpersonal affairs, and they are too sensitive to social cues and lack emotional regulation ability [ 12 ] .”
Influential
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Sheikh, R., Mukherji, R. K., Sharma, R., & Bahuguna, P. C. (2025) · Approaches to global sustainability, markets, and governance · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0843-0_20 · Cited by 2
Quantifying Divergence for Human-AI Collaboration and Cognitive Trust
Gebeşçe, A., Kural, M., Chubakov, T., & Şahin, G. G. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720105 · Cited by 2
“Factors in human-AI collaboration: The factors to consider in HAI can change based on the type of AI-enabled systems, such as whether it is a physical machine, such as a robot, or a virtual agent like today’s popular NLP models [17, 23].”
Eastern Ease and Western Worries? How Collectivism and Belief in Magic Increase user Acceptance of Operationally Autonomous Blackbox Technologies
Strebinger, A., & Treiblmaier, H. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102939 · Cited by 3
Perceived Authorship and Conversational Evaluations: A Study on AI-Generated vs. Human Therapist Dialogue
Pareek, S., & Jain, G. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00544-9 · Cited by 3
“…preferred by participants after experiencing it during a cognitive behavior therapy intervention for perfectionism (Egan et al., 2024) Importantly, AI-based psychotherapy proved to be helpful in reducing stigma and improving help-seeking behavior for psychological struggles (Gillath et al., 2021).”
The concept and formation pathways of human-smart object attachment: a case study of wearable smart objects
Guo, W., Chen, H., & Peng, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642265 · Cited by 2
Measuring Trust in Generative AI Chatbots: Russian Adaptation and Validation of the Human-AI Trust Measurement Instrument
Семеновна, Р. А., & Воронин, А. Н. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2580550 · Cited by 2
“The inclusion of personal attachment and user autonomy reflects the affective and control-related aspects of trust, corroborating studies that highlight emotional engagement and perceived agency as critical trust facilitators (Gillath et al., 2021; Molina & Sundar, 2022).”
Trust and communication in supervisor-subordinate relationships in technology-intensive business sectors in China
Lin, M., Zhonghe, Z., Wei, F., & Arif, M. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06057-3 · Cited by 2
“It signi ﬁ cantly impacts behavior, cooperation, and relational stability at work (Gillath et al. 2021; Sweijen et al. 2023; Hancock et al. 2023).”
Unlocking medical students’ adoption of AIGC tools: a multi-theory perspective
Zhou, Z., Li, Z., Li, Z., Wang, C., Qi, H., & Guo, L. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06078-y · Cited by 2
“Gillath (2021) points out that for AIGC, trust is the extent to which people are willing to follow the advice of AIGC.”
Investigating the use of AI in psychological counseling: systematic review
Li, B., Paracha, S., Limniou, M., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-04-2025-0027 · Cited by 4
Automatically Engineering Trusted Software: A Research Roadmap
Brun, Y., Chakraborty, S., Goues, C. L., Păsăreanu, C. S., & Singla, A. K. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3779132 · Cited by 2
“Measuring trust presents additional challenges: self-reported measures [49, 70, 176] often disagree with behavioral observations [44, 100, 157].”
Psychological mechanisms linking AI hallucinations to user trust and behavioral intentions toward AI-generated videos: an S–O–R perspective
Liu, J., Sun, Y., & Xiao, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1781974 · Cited by 5
Between Passion and Prediction: AI, Identity, and Fan Engagement Among Generation Z Football Supporters
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“The CAB theory ﬁ lls this gap by positing that cognition (beliefs), affect (emotions), and behavior (actions) form a feed-back loop that shapes how individuals experience and respond to AI technologies (Gillath et al., 2021; Gursoy et al., 2019).”
Post-Humanistic Love
Williams, T. J. V., & Gómez, C. T. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009880183 · Cited by 2
In the state we trust? Attachment-related avoidance is related to lower trust, both in other people and in welfare state institutions
Brulin, J. G., Lindholm, T., & Granqvist, P. (2022) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.8381 · Cited by 2
Artificial Intelligence Marvelous Approach for Occupational Health and Safety Applications in an Industrial Ventilation Field: A Short-systematic Review
Sa-ngiamsak, T., Zlatar, T., & Thetkathuek, A. (2022) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12547-8_42 · Cited by 2
The Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Indonesia’s Public Service: Challenges and Government Strategies
Herawati, A. R., Widowati, W., & Maesaroh, M. (2023) · International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM) · doi:10.46254/au01.20220537 · Cited by 2
“…concerning the potential use of AI in the public sector through the perceptions of people, because people’s perceptions of AI are affected by their trust toward the government and AI itself (Chen and Wen, 2020; (Gillath et al. 2020; Setyaningtyas and Hizkia 2020; Maulana et al. 2022).”
Background
Déploiement de l’IA en situation de travail : une trop faible considération de l’expérience des employé·es ?
Agossah, A., Krupa, F., Silva, M. P. D., Deconde, G., & Callet, P. L. (2023) · Sciences du Design · doi:10.3917/sdd.016.0068 · Cited by 2
Automated Optimization Deep Learning Model for Assessment and Guidance System Through Natural Language Processing with Reduction of Anxiety Among Students
Peng, J., & Macwes, M. W. (2023) · International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication · doi:10.17762/ijritcc.v11i6.7719 · Cited by 2
In ChatGPT We Trust? Unveiling the Dynamics of Reuse Intention and Trust Towards Generative AI Chatbots among Iranians
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How to identify patient perception of AI voice robots in the follow-up scenario? A multimodal identity perception method based on deep learning
Liu, M., Chen, K., Ye, Q., & Wu, H. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2024.104757 · Cited by 2
Zaufanie jako determinanta rozwoju przedsiębiorczości zespołowej na obszarach wiejskich
Parzonko, A. J., & Sieczko, A. (2021) · Turystyka i Rozwój Regionalny · doi:10.22630/tirr.2021.16.21 · Cited by 2

Authors: Gillath, O., Ai, T., Branicky, M. S., Keshmiri, S., Davison, R. B., & Spaulding, R.
Affiliations: University of Kansas (US)
Colorado State University (US)
Corresponding author: Gillath, Omri
ORCID: Gillath, Omri
Ai, Ting
Branicky, Michael S.
Keshmiri, Shawn
Davison, Robert B.
Spaulding, Ryan
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-02
Volume: 115
Pages: 106607
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106607
OpenAlex: W3093987005
Cited by: 448
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 113 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 27
FWCI: 32.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
Keywords: trust in AI, attachment styles, attachment security, attachment anxiety, affective trust, priming, positive affect

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