Cited by 594Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionChild Abuse and Related Trauma

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The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population

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Burke, Nadine J., Hellman, Julia L., Scott, Brandon G., Weems, Carl F., Carrion, Victor G.·2011·Child Abuse & Neglect

DOI 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.006PMC PMC3119733

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Abstract

Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in youth in a low-income, urban community. Study design Data from a retrospective chart review of 701 subjects from the Bayview Child Health Center in San Francisco are presented. Medical chart documentation of ACEs as defined in previous studies were coded and each ACE criterion endorsed by a traumatic event received a score of 1 (range=0-9). This study reports on the prevalence of various ACE categories in this population, as well as the association between ACE score and two pediatric problems: learning/behavior problems and body mass index (BMI)≥85% (i.e., overweight or obese). Results The majority of subjects (67.2%, N=471) had experienced 1 or more categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACE≥1) and 12.0% (N=84) had experienced 4 or more ACEs (ACE≥4). Increased ACE scores correlated with increased risk of learning/behavior problems and obesity. Conclusions There was a significant prevalence of endorsed ACE categories in this urban population. Exposure to 4 or greater ACE categories was associated with increased risk for learning/behavior problems, as well as obesity. Practice implications Results from this study demonstrate the need both for screening of ACEs among youth in urban areas and for developing effective primary prevention and intervention models.

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Prospective Longitudinal Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Thurston, C., Murray, A. L., Franchino-Olsen, H., Silima, M., Hemady, C. L., & Meinck, F. (2026) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251358223 · Cited by 25
“…classifications: child abuse (emotional, sexual, and physical), child neglect (emotional and physical), and household dysfunction (alcohol and/or drug abuse in the house, impris-oned family member, mother treated violently, and parental loss, separation, or divorce) (Burke et al., 2011).”
Examining the role of trait emotional intelligence on psychiatric symptom clusters in the context of lifetime trauma
Rudenstine, S., & Espinosa, A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.029 · Cited by 27
The Stress Phenotyping Framework: A multidisciplinary biobehavioral approach for assessing and therapeutically targeting maladaptive stress physiology
Gilgoff, R., Mengelkoch, S., Elbers, J. M., Kotz, K. J., Radin, A. S., Pasumarthi, I., Murthy, R., Sindher, S., Harris, N. B., & Slavich, G. M. (2024) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2024.2327333 · Cited by 21
“…and executive function, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental delay, learning problems, dementia, and memory impairment (Burke et al., 2011; Fenster et al., 2018; Hughes et al., 2017; lanius, 2015; lund et al., 2020; Mcewen, 2000b, 2007; Nelson et al., 2020; Ortiz et…”
Background
Social Support, Childhood Adversities, and Academic Outcomes: A Latent Class Analysis
Pan, J., Zaff, J. F., & Porche, M. V. M. (2019) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2019.1708744 · Cited by 22
The prevalence and clinical correlates of adverse childhood experiences in a cross-sectional study of primary care patients with cardiometabolic disease or risk factors
Maunder, R., Tannenbaum, D. W., Permaul, J., Nutik, M., Haber, C., Mitri, M., Costantini, D., & Hunter, J. (2019) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-019-01277-3 · Cited by 22
Is there a link between childhood adversity, attachment style and Scotland’s excess mortality? Evidence, challenges and potential research
Smith, M. J., Williamson, A. E., Walsh, D., & McCartney, G. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3201-z · Cited by 20
“Exposure to childhood adversity is associated with lack of empathy, impulsivity and anger, and the emergence of behavioural problems [27], including delinquency [28, 29] and social alienation [30].”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Protective and Therapeutic Potential of Nature
Touloumakos, A. Κ., & Barrable, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.597935 · Cited by 30
Burden of adverse childhood experiences in children attending paediatric clinics in South Western Sydney, Australia: a retrospective audit
Wickramasinghe, Y., Raman, S., Garg, P., & Hurwitz, R. (2019) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000330 · Cited by 19
The heart of the matter: Developing the whole child through community resources and caregiver relationships
Morris, A. S., Hays-Grudo, J., Kerr, K. L., & Beasley, L. O. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001595 · Cited by 36
The past is prologue? The long arc of childhood trauma in a multigenerational study of teen mothering.
SmithBattle, L. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.013 · Cited by 18
Developmental Surveillance and Screening Practices by Pediatric Primary Care Providers: Implications for Early Intervention Professionals
Porter, S., Qureshi, R., Caldwell, B., Echevarria, M., Dubbs, W., & Sullivan, M. (2016) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000057 · Cited by 18
Inequities Compounded
SmithBattle, L., & Leonard, V. (2012) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840712443871 · Cited by 18
Nursing students' views on trauma-informed pediatric nursing care and family-centered care
Özbay, S. Ç., Boztepe, H., & Kanbay, Y. (2023) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.04.012 · Cited by 19
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) & youth sports participation: Does a gradient exist?
Noel-London, K., Ortiz, K. S., & BeLue, R. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104924 · Cited by 26
Mitigating the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences: How Restorative Practices in Schools Support Positive Childhood Experiences and Protective Factors
Breedlove, M., Choi, J., & Zyromski, B. (2020) · The New Educator · doi:10.1080/1547688x.2020.1807078 · Cited by 20
“Further, children with four or more ACEs were more likely to experience learning and behavior problems (Burke, Hellman, Scott, Weems, & Carrion, 2011).”
Background
Intimate Partner Violence: Innovations in Theory to Inform Clinical Practice, Policy, and Research
McLeod, D. A., Havig, K. K., Natale, A. P., & Pharris, A. B. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9050071 · Cited by 25
“2010), developmental disruptions, distorted cognitive schemas, behavior and learning problems, obesity, and other health problems (Burke et al. 2011; Dube et al. 2002).”
Background
The Broader Impact of Friend to Friend (F2F)
Leff, S., Waasdorp, T., & Paskewich, B. S. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445516650879 · Cited by 17
“Many urban minority youth experience high levels of trauma and loss, while having to navigate schools and communities plagued by high levels of community violence and inadequate school supports and resources (e.g., Burke et al., 2011; Jenkins, Wang, & Turner, 2009).”
Background
Moms growing together: Piloting action methods and expressive arts in a therapeutic group for teen mothers
SmithBattle, L., Chantamit‐o‐pas, C., Freed, P., McLaughlin, D., & Schneider, J. K. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12172 · Cited by 16
Exploring the Nexus of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Aggression in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review
Stoppelbein, L., McRae, E. M., & Smith, S. B. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241246764 · Cited by 17
“For example, both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, as well as other specific disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), have been associated with exposure to ACE in childhood (Burke et al., 2011; Jimenez et al., 2016; McElvey et al., 2016; McRae et al., 2021, 2022).”
Attention, Externalizing and Internalizing Problems Mediated Differently on Internet Gaming Disorder Among Children and Adolescents With a Family History of Addiction as an Adverse Childhood Experience
Lee, M., & Bhang, S. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e221 · Cited by 13
Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated with Children’s Patterns of Out of Home Placement Over Time and Subsequent Negative Outcomes During Adolescence
Mishra, A. A., Schwab‐Reese, L. M., & Murfree, L. (2019) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09526-4 · Cited by 14
Six Questions for Well-Child Care Redesign.
Freeman, B., & Coker, T. (2018) · Academic pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2018.05.003 · Cited by 16
Exploring the Relationship Between Modifiable Protective Factors and Mental Health Issues Among Children Experiencing Adverse Childhood Experiences Using a Resilience Framework
Keane, K., & Evans, R. R. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00471-4 · Cited by 15
Understanding Adverse Childhood Experiences and Juvenile Court Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Race and Ethnicity
Lockwood, A., Peck, J. H., Wolff, K. T., & Baglivio, M. T. (2021) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/15412040211063437 · Cited by 15
“Third, there is an absence of research on the association between ACEs and later social, environmental, and health outcomes of low-income and racial minority populations (see Burke et al., 2011).”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk among Hispanic American Adolescents
Andrade, J. L., Hong, Y., Lee, A. M., Miller, D. R., Williams, C. E., Thompson, L. A., Bright, M. A., & Cardel, M. I. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.024 · Cited by 21
Linking Psychosocial Stress Events, Psychological Disorders and Childhood Obesity
Rojo, M., Solano, S., Lacruz, T., Baile, J. I., Blanco, M., Graell, M., & Sepúlveda, A. R. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8030211 · Cited by 15
Swedish School Nurses’ Experiences of Child Abuse
Sundler, A., Whilson, M., Darcy, L., & Larsson, M. (2019) · Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840519863843 · Cited by 15
Casualties of context? Risk of cognitive, behavioral and physical health difficulties among children living in high-incarceration neighborhoods
Haskins, A. R., & McCauley, E. (2018) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-018-0942-4 · Cited by 16
Impact of Childhood Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Adversities
Franchek-Roa, K. M., Tiwari, A., Lewis-O’Connor, A., & Campbell, J. C. (2017) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.2017.28.3.156 · Cited by 15
No Ordinary Life: Complex Narratives of Trauma and Resilience in Under-Resourced Communities
Pressley, J., & Smith, R. (2017) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2016.1246500 · Cited by 14
“These screening measures are both widely used and well-researched (Burke et al., 2011; Centers for Disease Control, n.d.; Corbin et al., 2013; Goldmann et al., 2011) and were used to obtain an objective measure of trauma exposure and current symptomology.”
BackgroundMethod
Revisiting the use of adverse childhood experience screening in healthcare settings
Danese, A., Asmussen, K., MacLeod, J. G., Meehan, A. J., Sears, J., Slopen, N. B., Smith, P. A., & Sweeney, A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00362-5 · Cited by 15
“Routine ACE screening might help detect individuals at risk for poor health outcomes who might otherwise be overlooked 9 .”
The impact of positive and adverse childhood experiences on social connectedness in young adults
Willis, M. C., Jeffries, J., Barrett, A. R., & Swearer, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106033 · Cited by 18
Resilience as a Mediator between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescription Opioid Misuse among U.S. Adults
Wang, Z., Lohrmann, D., Buu, A., & Lin, H.-C. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1879148 · Cited by 14
“For example, pediatricians have been shown to play an essential role in reducing the negative effects of ACEs and therefore approaches that encourage pediatricians to inquire about parents’ ACE history in medical settings are needed (Burke et al., 2011; Marie-Mitchell et al., 2016).”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Medically-Traumatic Events (TEs) in Adolescents and Young Adults (AYAs) with Cancer: A Report from the Promoting Resilience in Stress Management (PRISM) Randomized Controlled Trial
Scott, S., O'Daffer, A., Bradford, M., Fladeboe, K. M., Lau, N., Steineck, A., Taylor, M. R., Yi-Frazier, J. P., & Rosenberg, A. (2020) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05888-x · Cited by 14
Adverse Childhood Experiences: A 20‐Year Content Analysis of American Counseling Association and American School Counselor Association Journals
Zyromski, B., Baker, E., Betters-Bubon, J., Dollarhide, C. T., & Antonides, J. (2020) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12338 · Cited by 14
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND DIABETES IN CENTRAL MICHIGAN ADULTS.
Ittoop, T., Jeffrey, K., Cheng, C.-I., & Reddy, S. (2020) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep-2020-0239 · Cited by 14
Pediatric Practitioners’ Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences: Current Practices and Future Directions
Popp, T. K., Geisthardt, C., & Bumpus, E. A. (2020) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1711839 · Cited by 14
“…next set of questions provided a list of 13 ACEs, which were chosen based on literature defining common adversities experienced in childhood (e.g., Burke et al. 2011; Felitti et al., 1998) (see Table 1), and requested participants to indicate: (1) if they feel it is the responsibility of the…”
Background
Sensitive Periods for the Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and BMI
Sokol, R. L., Gottfredson, N. C., Poti, J. M., Shanahan, M. E., Halpern, C. T., Fisher, E. B., & Ennett, S. T. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.05.016 · Cited by 15
Adverse childhood experiences, and instability in Children's care and Parents' work
Lipscomb, S. T., Goka‐Dubose, E., Hur, R. E. H., & Henry, A. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.008 · Cited by 20
Health, Developmental and Support Needs of Vulnerable Children – Comparing Children in Foster Care and Children in Need
Raman, S., & Sahu, S. (2014) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2305 · Cited by 10
“Burke et al. (2011) in their recent study of an urban child health service in California also used primary paediatricians’ clinical assessments of developmental and behavioural problems in children exposed to ACE.”
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Overweight and Obesity Among Hispanic Children Entering Foster Care
Schneiderman, J. U., Smith, C. A., Arnold-Clark, J. S., Fuentes, J., Duan, L., & Palinkas, L. A. (2013) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559513508236 · Cited by 18
“ACEs include not only childhood maltreatment but also family experiences, such as having an alcohol abuser, drug abuser, or both in the home; an incarcerated household member; a mother who has been treated violently; or the presence of only one parent or no parents (Burke et al., 2011).”
Background

Authors: Burke, N. J., Hellman, J. L., Scott, B. G., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G.
Affiliations: California Pacific Medical Center (US)
LSU New Orleans (US)
ORCID: Scott, Brandon G.
Weems, Carl F.
Venue: Child Abuse & Neglect
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-06
Volume: 35
Issue: 6
Pages: 408-413
ISSN: 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.006
PMC: PMC3119733
OpenAlex: W2079494095
Cited by: 594
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 12.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH063893, MH 63893)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child Abuse and Related Trauma
Keywords: adverse childhood experiences, low-income youth, childhood obesity, body mass index, ACE score, ACE screening, primary prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Learning Disabilities, Male, Medical Records, Obesity, Parent-Child Relations, Poverty, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, San Francisco, Urban Population, Logistic Models, Young Adult

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The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population

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