Cited by 29Child Welfare and AdoptionHigher Education Research StudiesEducation and Military Integration

Exploring college student identity among young people with foster care histories and mental health challenges

Open access
Miller, Rebecca, Blakeslee, Jennifer, Ison, Chanel·2020·Children and Youth Services Review

Abstract

Young adults with foster care histories experience unique barriers to success in postsecondary academic settings, including higher rates of mental health challenges. This study reports the perspectives of college students with foster care histories and self-identified mental health concerns (N=18) about how these factors relate to their post-secondary academic experiences. Study participants describe managing their mental health amid other academic and life stressors, share their perspectives on campus-based support and help-seeking experiences, and highlight the need for acknowledgement of their foster care identities in conjunction with their developing college student identities. Participants make a case for programming to help with managing challenges related to overwhelming emotions in response to compounding stressors, balancing self-reliance with help-seeking when needed, and developing interpersonal relationships that reduce feelings of otherness in the campus context. Recommendations for improving student experiences include mental health services provided by people familiar with the lived experience of foster care, access to foster student-specific programs providing social, emotional, and academic support, and campus-wide efforts improve the conditions for academic success in the face of difficult personal histories and elevated mental health challenges.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104992

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A history of psychological stress paired with inadequate support presents in young adulthood as avoidant coping, even when help-seeking is perceived as a potentially effective strategy.

    “This helps explain what has been called “survivalist self-reliance” among young people exiting foster care (Samuels & Pryce, 2008), where a history of psychological stress paired with inadequate support presents in young adulthood as avoidant coping, even when help-seeking is perceived as a potentially effective strategy (Miller, Blakeslee, & Ison, 2020; Morton, 2018; Okpych & Courtney, 2018; Zinn”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 43

  1. Chen JI, Romero GD, & Karver MS (2016). The relationship of perceived campus culture to mental health help-seeking intentions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(6), 677– 684. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.pdx.edu/10.1037/cou0000095 26053061 · DOI
  2. Chickering AW, McDowell J, & Campagna D (1969). Institutional differences and student development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 60(4, Pt.1), 315– 326. 10.1037/h0027840 5811798 · DOI
  3. Chickering AW, & L. Reisser L (1993). Education and identity (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  4. Courtney ME, & Dworsky A (2006). Early outcomes for young adults transitioning from out-of-home care in the USA. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3), 209– 219.
  5. Day A, Dworsky A, Fogarty K, & Damashek A (2011). An examination of post-secondary retention and graduation among foster care youth enrolled in a four-year university. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 2335– 2341. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.004 · DOI
  6. Day A, Riebschleger J, Dworsky A, Damashek A, & Fogarty K (2012). Maximizing educational opportunities for youth aging out of foster care by engaging youth voices in a partnership for social change. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 1007– 1014. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.02.001 · DOI
  7. Dworsky A, & Pérez A (2010). Helping former foster youth graduate from college through campus support programs. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 255– 263. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.09.004 · DOI
  8. Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, & Hunt J (2009). Mental health and academic success in College. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 9, 40– 40. 10.2202/1935-1682.2191 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Geenen S, Powers LE, Phillips LA, Nelson M, McKenna J, Winges-Yanez N, … Swank P (2015). Better Futures: A randomized field test of a model for supporting young people in foster care with mental health challenges to participate in higher education. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 42(2), 150– 171. 10.1007/s11414-014-9451-6 25502222 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Geenen S, Powers LE, Powers J, Cunningham M, McMahon L, Nelson M, … Fullerton A (2013). Experimental study of a self-determination intervention for youth in foster care. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 36(2), 84– 95. 10.1177/2165143412455431 · DOI
  11. Geiger JM, Cheung JR, Hanrahan JE, Lietz CA, & Carpenter BM (2017). Increasing competency, self-confidence, and connectedness among foster care alumni entering a 4-year university: Findings from an early-start program. Journal of Social Service Research, 43(5), 566– 579. 10.1080/01488376.2017.1342307 · DOI
  12. Geiger JM, Piel MH, Day A, & Schelbe L (2018). A descriptive analysis of programs serving foster care alumni in higher education: Challenges and opportunities. Children and Youth Services Review, 85, 287– 294. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.001 · DOI
  13. Havlicek J, & Samuels GM (2018). The Illinois state foster youth advisory board as a counterspace for well-being through identity work: Perspectives of current and former members. Social Service Review, 92(2), 241– 289.
  14. Hines AM, Merdinger J, & Wyatt P (2005). Former foster youth attending college: Resilience and the transition to young adulthood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(3), 381– 394. 16060734
  15. Hogan SR (2018). Foster Youth in Higher Education: Mental Health and Academic Achievement During the First College Year. Journal of the First-Year Experience & Students in Transition, 30(2), 65– 78.
  16. Keller TE, Salazar AM, & Courtney ME (2010). Prevalence and timing of diagnosable mental health, alcohol, and substance use problems among older adolescents in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 626– 634. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.12.010 20305829 PMC2840264 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Kinarsky AR (2017). Fostering success: Understanding the experience of foster youth undergraduates. Children and Youth Services Review, 81, 220– 228.
  18. Kyles NS, Unrau YA, & Root KM (2016). Perceptions of mental health needs and supports among college students who aged out of foster care. Relational Child Youth & Care Practice, 31(1), 74– 90.
  19. Lovitt Thomas; Emerson John. (2008). Foster Youth Who Have Succeeded in Higher Education: Common Themes (NCSET Information Brief). University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, National Center on Secondary Education and Transition (NCSET) Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/49249
  20. Mcmillen JC, Zima BT, Scott LD, Auslander WF, Munson MR, Ollie MT, & Spitznagel EL (2005). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among older youths in the foster care system. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(1), 88– 95. 10.1097/01.chi.0000145806.24274.d2 15608548 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Michaels PJ, Corrigan PW, Kanodia N, Buchholz B, & Abelson S (2015). Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872– 875.
  22. Morton BM (2016). The Power of Community: How foster parents, teachers, and community members support academic achievement for foster youth. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 30(1): 99– 112.
  23. Morton BM (2017). Growing up fast: Implications for foster youth when self-reliance and adulthood collide. Children & Youth Services Review, 82, 156– 161.
  24. Morton BM (2018). The grip of trauma: How trauma disrupts the academic aspirations of foster youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 75, 73– 81. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.021 28478934 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Mulkerns H, & Owen C (2008). Identity development in emancipated young adults following foster care. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 78(4), 427– 449.
  26. Okpych NJ, & Courtney ME (2018a). Barriers to degree completion for college students with foster care histories: Results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 10.1177/1521025118791776 · DOI
  27. Okpych NJ, & Courtney ME (2018b). The role of avoidant attachment on college persistence and completion among youth in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 90, 106– 117. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.014 · DOI
  28. Pecora PJ (2012). Maximizing educational achievement of youth in foster care and alumni: Factors associated with success. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 1121– 1129. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.044 · DOI
  29. Pecora PJ, Kessler RC, O’Brien K, White CR, Williams J, Hiripi E, … Herrick MA (2006). Educational and employment outcomes of adults formerly placed in foster care: Results from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 1459– 1481. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.04.003 · DOI
  30. Phillips LA, Powers LE, Geenen S, Schmidt J, Winges-Yanez N, McNeely IC, … Bodner C (2015). Better Futures: A validated model for increasing postsecondary preparation and participation of youth in foster care with mental health challenges. Children and Youth Services Review, 57, 50– 59. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.07.010 · DOI
  31. Powers LE, Geenen S, Powers J, Pommier-Satya S, Turner A, Dalton LD, … Swank P (2012). My Life: Effects of a longitudinal, randomized study of self-determination enhancement on the transition outcomes of youth in foster care and special education. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 2179– 2187. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.07.018 · DOI
  32. Root KM, Unrau YA, & Kyles NS (2018). Perceptions of mental health needs and supports among college students who aged out of foster care. Relational Child & Youth Care Practice, 31(1), 74– 90. Retrieved from aph.
  33. Salazar A, Keller T, Gowen L, & Courtney M (2013). Trauma exposure and PTSD among older adolescents in foster care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(4), 545– 551. 22898825 PMC4114143
  34. Salazar AM, Jones KR, Emerson JC, & Mucha L (2016). Postsecondary strengths, challenges, and supports experienced by foster care alumni college graduates. Journal of College Student Development, 57(3), 263– 279. 10.1353/csd.2016.0029 · DOI
  35. Salazar AM, Roe SS, Ullrich JS, & Haggerty KP (2016). Professional and youth perspectives on higher education-focused interventions for youth transitioning from foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 64, 23– 34. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.02.027 27065508 PMC4821474 · DOI
  36. Samuels GM, & Pryce JM (2008). “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”: Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1198– 1210.
  37. Samuels GM (2009). Ambiguous loss of home: The experience of familial (im)permanence among young adults with foster care backgrounds. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 1229– 1239.
  38. Skobba K, Meyers D, & Tiller L (2018). Getting by and getting ahead: Social capital and transition to college among homeless and foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 198– 206.
  39. Steenbakkers A, van der Steen S, & Grietens H (2016). ‘To talk or not to talk?’: Foster youth’s experiences of sharing stories about their past and being in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 71, 2– 9.
  40. Unrau YA, Conrady-Brown M, Zosky D, & Grinnell RM Jr. (2006). Connecting youth in foster care with needed mental health services: Lessons from research on help-seeking. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 3(2), 91– 109. 10.1300/J394v03n02_05 · DOI
  41. Unrau YA, Dawson A, Hamilton RD, & Bennett JL (2017). Perceived value of a campus-based college support program by students who aged out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 78, 64– 73. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.05.011 · DOI
  42. Unrau YA, Font SA, & Rawls G (2012). Readiness for college engagement among students who have aged out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 76– 83. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.002 · DOI
  43. Watt TT, Norton CL, & Jones C (2013). Designing a campus support program for foster care alumni: Preliminary evidence for a strengths framework. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 1408– 1417.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Miller, R., Blakeslee, J., & Ison, C.
Affiliations
Portland State University (US)
Corresponding author
Miller, Rebecca
Venue
Children and Youth Services Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-07
Volume
114
Pages
104992
ISSN
0190-7409 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3015484266
Cited by
29
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2020: 1
FWCI
3.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Children and Youth Services Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Center for Mental Health Services (90RT5030)
  • National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
  • National Institutes of Health (TL4GM118965, UL1GM118964)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
  • Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
  • Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
Keywords
university students, student identity, mental illness, help-seeking, university support services, emotion regulation, otherness, young adults

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review