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Characterization of archaeological frankincense by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Abstract
A simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method has been developed for the characterization of frankincense in archaeological samples. After trimethylsilylation of the methanolic extract, 15 triterpenoids have been found among the chemical constituents of commercial olibanum (alpha-boswellic acid, 3-O-acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid, beta-boswellic acid, 3-O-acetyl-beta-boswellic acid, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, lupeol, 3-epi-beta-amyrin, 3-epi-beta-amyrin, 3-epi-lupeol, alpha-amyrenone, beta-amyrenone, lupenone, 3alpha-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-24-oic acid and 3-O-acetyl-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-24-oic acid). These compounds have been unequivocally identified by retention time and mass spectral comparison with pure standards previously isolated, for the most part, in our laboratory. Within these triterpenes, acid ones, the corresponding O-acetates, and their products of degradation were found to be characteristic of frankincense (Boswellia resin). The presence of these unusual triterpenic compounds in an archaeological resinous sample, recovered during excavations from Dahshour site (Egypt, XIIth Dynasty), enabled us to identify unambiguously frankincense resin among several other materials. Additional chromatographic peaks of this sample were assigned to broad chemical classes using retention time and mass spectra features.
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“Apart from natural degradation, they may also be formed in the hot injector of the gas chromatograph [20], [26].”
From Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Their deconvoluted mass spectra (Figure 4a and 4b) are nearly identical and show clear features of a boswellic acid derivative, viz. ions with m/z 73, 175, 203, 218 and 292 [20], [26].”
From Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Amyrins, their acetates and oxidized forms are widespread phytochemicals and are produced by many higher plants [67], including Boswellia sp. [20], [26].”
From Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Inter-species variation in chemical composition was verified by analyzing commercial resins of B. carterii, B. papyrifera, B. sacra and B. serrata. Our results are summarized in Table 2 and correspond well to published data [20], [26], [46].”
From Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
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Cited by
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Baeten, J., Deforce, K., Challe, S., De Vos, D., & Degryse, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113142 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Mathe, C., Culioli, G., Archier, P., & Vieillescazes, C.
- Venue
- Journal of Chromatography A
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 1023
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 277-285
- ISSN
- 0021-9673
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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