A preliminary investigation of the effects of the unified protocol on temperament
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Previous research has shown that two dimensions of temperament referred to as neuroticism/behavioral inhibition (N/BI) and extraversion/behavioral activation (E/BA) are key risk factors in the development and maintenance of anxiety and mood disorders (Brown & Barlow, 2009). Given such findings, these temperamental dimensions may represent promising treatment targets for individuals with emotional disorders; however, to date, few studies have investigated the effects of psychological treatments on temperamental constructs generally assumed to be "stable, inflexible, and pervasive" (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The present study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the effects of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP; Barlow et al., 2011), a cognitive-behavioral therapy designed to target core processes of N/BI and E/BA temperaments, in a sample of adults with principal anxiety disorders and a range of comorbid conditions. Results revealed small effects of the UP on N/BI and E/BA compared with a waitlist control group at post-treatment. Additionally, decreases in N/BI and increases in E/BA during treatment were associated with improvements in symptoms, functioning, and quality of life. Findings provide preliminary support for the notion that the UP treatment facilitates beneficial changes in dimensions of temperament.
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The Unified Protocol has an effect on the temperament dimensions of neuroticism/behavioral inhibition and extraversion/behavioral activation.
“the effect of the UP has been shown on the two temperament dimensions of neuroticism (N)/behavioral inhibition (BI) and extraversion (E)/behavioral activation (BA) [15].”
From Negative and positive affect regulation in a transdiagnostic internet-based protocol for emotional disorders: Randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
Neuroticism/negative affect and extraversion/positive affect have been closely related to Gray's constructs of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation, and these terms are often used interchangeably as the most stable measures of temperament.
“N/NA and E/PA have been closely related to Gray’s (1987) constructs of BI and BA, respectively [24-26], and these terms are often used interchangeably as the most stable measures of temperament [8,15,26,27].”
From Negative and positive affect regulation in a transdiagnostic internet-based protocol for emotional disorders: Randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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References 69 · Cited by 98
- Authors
- Carl, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Bentley, K. H., & Barlow, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carl, Jenna R.
- Venue
- Comprehensive Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1426-1434
- ISSN
- 0010-440X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4108516
- OpenAlex
- W2008073253
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 20.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Comprehensive Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (R34-MH070693)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders, temperament, transdiagnostic treatment, anxiety disorders, cognitive behavioral therapy, quality of life, functional outcome
- MeSH terms
- Neuroticism, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Quality of Life, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Temperament, Waiting Lists, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Panic Disorder, Mood Disorders, Self Report
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