Type 2 diabetic women are not small type 2 diabetic men: Sex-and-gender differences in antidiabetic drugs
Abstract
Many pieces of evidence have accumulated over time suggesting sex-and-gender differences in type 2 diabetes, the most relevant being the greater excess risk of cardiovascular diseases in women with diabetes than in men. Drugs available for the treatment of diabetes have, meanwhile, increased in number and effectiveness over the last 20 years. Nonetheless, overall metabolic control of diabetes continues to be suboptimal, with a clear further disadvantage for women. Moreover, old and new glucose-lowering drugs present some sex-and-gender differences, although women continue to be underrepresented in all cardiovascular outcome trials testing their efficacy and protective effects. We conclude that pharmacology should wear gender glasses starting from preclinical research to overcome all these gender gaps.
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Metformin produces similar results in terms of glycemic efficacy between the two sexes.
“A case in point is metformin, the first-line treatment drug for T2DM, which produces similar results in terms of glycemic efficacy between the two sexes [79,80].”
From Sex Differences in Response to Treatment with Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: Opportunities for a Tailored Approach to Diabetes and Obesity Care (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
Metformin appears to exhibit similar glycemic efficacy in both sexes.
“On the contrary, metformin appears to exhibit similar glycemic efficacy in both sexes [84].”
From Adipose Tissue: A Novel Target of the Incretin Axis? A Paradigm Shift in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [84]
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References 66 · Cited by 25
- Authors
- Campesi, I., Seghieri, G., & Franconi, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Sassari (IT)
- Agenzia Regionale di Sanità della Toscana (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Campesi, Ilaria
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 40-45
- ISSN
- 1471-4892 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3184964668
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, sex differences, gender differences, antidiabetic drugs, cardiovascular risk in women, metabolic control, underrepresentation of women in clinical trials, preclinical research
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Sex Factors
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