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A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes
Open accessAbstract
Background Recent analyses of de novo DNA mutations in modern humans have suggested a nuclear substitution rate that is approximately half that of previous estimates based on fossil calibration. This result has led to suggestions that major events in human evolution occurred far earlier than previously thought.Results Here, we use mitochondrial genome sequences from ten securely dated ancient modern humans spanning 40,000 years as calibration points for the mitochondrial clock, thus yielding a direct estimate of the mitochondrial substitution rate. Our clock yields mitochondrial divergence times that are in agreement with earlier estimates based on calibration points derived from either fossils or archaeological material. In particular, our results imply a separation of non-Africans from the most closely related sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNAs (haplogroup L3) that occurred less than 62-95 kya.Conclusions Though single loci like mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can only provide biased estimates of population divergence times, they can provide valid upper bounds. Our results exclude most of the older dates for African and non-African population divergences recently suggested by de novo mutation rate estimates in the nuclear genome.
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“The mtDNA data provided a contamination estimate with a 95% credibility interval of 0.15%–0.38%18 (SI9).”
From The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Johnson, P. L. F., Bos, K., Lari, M., Bollongino, R., Sun, C., Giemsch, L., Schmitz, R., Burger, J., Ronchitelli, A. M., Martini, F., Cremonesi, R. G., Svoboda, J., Bauer, P., Caramelli, D., Castellano, S., Reich, D., Pääbo, S., & Krause, J.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Emory University (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Shandong Museum (CN)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krause, Johannes
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 553-559
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5036973
- OpenAlex
- W2038810697
- Cited by
- 709
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 19
- FWCI
- 33.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Use Siena air (University of Siena) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1032255)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KR 4015/1-1)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA05130202)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- National Institutes of Health
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM100233, R01GM100233)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI049334, AI049334)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- fossil calibration, divergence time, modern human origins, population divergence
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Bayes Theorem, Demography, Fossils, Haplotypes, Humans, Models, Genetic, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Time Factors, Genome, Human, Linear Models, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Mitochondrial, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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