The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phenotypic Characterization of Speed-Associated Gait Changes in Mice Reveals Modular Organization of Locomotor Networks
Open accessAbstract
Studies of locomotion in mice suggest that circuits controlling the alternating between left and right limbs may have a modular organization with distinct locomotor circuits being recruited at different speeds. It is not clear, however, whether such a modular organization reflects specific behavioral outcomes expressed at different speeds of locomotion. Here, we use detailed kinematic analyses to search for signatures of a modular organization of locomotor circuits in intact and genetically modified mice moving at different speeds of locomotion. We show that wild-type mice display three distinct gaits: two alternating, walk and trot, and one synchronous, bound. Each gait is expressed in distinct ranges of speed with phenotypic inter-limb and intra-limb coordination. A fourth gait, gallop, closely resembled bound in most of the locomotor parameters but expressed diverse inter-limb coordination. Genetic ablation of commissural V0V neurons completely removed the expression of one alternating gait, trot, but left intact walk, gallop, and bound. Ablation of commissural V0V and V0D neurons led to a loss of walk, trot, and gallop, leaving bound as the default gait. Our study provides a benchmark for studies of the neuronal control of locomotion in the full range of speeds. It provides evidence that gait expression depends upon selection of different modules of neuronal ensembles.
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“The characteristic coordinated sequence of diagonal LH-RF and RH-LF strides observed corresponds to trotting, the natural gait that mice produce (37) to accommodate speeds faster than 20 cm/s.”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
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Citations
Cites
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“Speed of locomotion also regulates the visual cortical state [37–39] and cognitive functions like navigation [40], suggesting the need for considering locomotor network selection in a broader context.”
LOCOMOTOR CIRCUITS IN THE MAMMALIAN SPINAL CORD
Kiehn, O. (2006) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112910 · Cited by 868 · cited 1×
“The Need to Consider Gaits when Studying Locomotion The mouse is presently the prevailing model for studying the neuronal control of locomotion in mammals [26, 31–34].”
Self-citationCircuits controlling vertebrate locomotion: moving in a new direction
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“The Need to Consider Gaits when Studying Locomotion The mouse is presently the prevailing model for studying the neuronal control of locomotion in mammals [26, 31–34].”
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Self-citationMultiple origins of Cajal-Retzius cells at the borders of the developing pallium
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1 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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Cited by
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Transcriptomic analysis of spinal V1 interneurons informs their multifunctional role in motor output
Trevisan, A. J., Han, K., Chapman, P., Kulkarni, A. S., Hinton, J. M., Klein, I., Ramirez, C., Lavado, A., Gatto, G., Gabitto, M. I., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76522-3 · Cited by 8
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Hypogravity reveals a proprioception-dependent mechanism for locomotor state expressionPreprint
Santuz, A., Luciano, F., Natalucci, V., Mbaye, A., Ma, N., Cazzola, D., Colyer, S., Cowburn, J., Albracht, K., Braunstein, B., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.02.729513
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Neural substrates of cold nociception in Drosophila larvaPreprint
Patel, A. A., Cardona, A., & Cox, D. N. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91582 · Cited by 1
“…of neural impulses from premotor neurons, leading to appropriate muscle activation patterns to implement specific behavioral responses ( Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015 ; Berkowitz et al., 2010 ; Carreira-Rosario et al., 2018 ; Green and Soffe, 1996 ; Huang and Zarin, 2022 ; Liao and…”
Shevtsova, N., Lockhart, A. B., Rybak, I., Magnuson, D. S. K., & Danner, S. M. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.17.654682
“Given the similarity in gait patterns between rats (Danner et al., 2023) and mice (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Lemieux et al., 2016), we adapted these models to rats as a foundation for studying post-injury plasticity.”
InfluentialIdentification of V0g propriospinal neurons and their role in locomotor controlPreprint
Toscano, E., Giomi, M., Evtushenko, N. A., Santuz, A., Lowenstein, E. D., Birchmeier, C., & Zampieri, N. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.636221
Morishita, K., Ishida, A., Okuma, I., & Saito, K. (2023) · Artificial Life and Robotics · doi:10.1007/s10015-023-00911-w
Gradwell, M. A., Ozeri-Engelhard, N., Eisdorfer, J. T., Laflamme, O. D., Gonzalez, M., Upadhyay, A., Aoki, A., Shrier, T., Gandhi, M., Abbas-Zadeh, G., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492933 · Cited by 6
Huber, P., Ausk, B. J., Tukei, K. L., Bain, S. D., Gross, T. S., & Srinivasan, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1206008
“5 Hz (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015)) and labeling limitations (a single foot strike in a 1s video was observed at the end or beginning of the frame grab, representing the initiation or cessation of activity, respectively).”
BackgroundKiran, N., Madhukar, P., Muralidhar, R., & Chandar, T. S. (2020) · International Conference on Advances in Electronics Computers and Communications · doi:10.1109/icaecc50550.2020.9339517
“Bellardita and Kiehn [3] studied mice, the prevailing model for studying neuronal control of locomotion in mammals.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDynamics of episodic and continuous rhythmic activities from a developing central pattern generator
Sharples, S., Vargas, A., Lognon, A., Young, L. F., Shonak, A., Cymbalyuk, G., & Whelan, P. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288266
“Alternatively, transitions between gaits may be mediated by recruitment of new circuit elements (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Crone et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialDigital Architecture to Realize Programmable Central Pattern Generators Producing Multiple Gaits
Lodi, M., Shilnikov, A., & Storace, M. (2019) · International Symposium on Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/iscas.2019.8702635
“We remark that the obtained results are coherent with the biological data in [23].”
ResultKeser, V., Lachance, J.-F. B., Alam, S., Lim, Y., Scarlata, E., Kaur, A., Fang, Z.-T., Lv, S., Lachapelle, P., O'Flaherty, C., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/559088
Halbach, M. V., Şen, N.-E., Canet-Pons, J., Kuppens, B. W., Segers, M., Schonewille, M., Rollmann, E., Seidel, K., Rüb, U., Meierhofer, D., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/333443
“Under these experimental conditions, mice preferred to walk using a trotting gait, during which the diagonal limbs follow the same pattern (41).”
MethodQuadruped Robots With Bio-Inspired Gait Generation Methods Using Sole Pressure Sensory Feedback
Takei, Y., Morishita, K., & Saito, K. (2022) · Handbook of Research on New Investigations in Artificial Life, AI, and Machine Learning · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8686-0.ch002
A CORROLLARY DISCHARGE CIRCUIT MODULATES OLFACTORY FUNCTION DURING FLIGHT IN MANDUCA SEXTA
Chapman, P. (2018) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.7165 · Cited by 1
“Commissural interneurons (CINs) in the spinal cord coordinate the changes between gait patterns and are thought to play a role in the synchrony of different motor neurons observed in different gait patterns (Bellardita & Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundReversible silencing of spinal neurons unmasks a left-right coordination continuum.
Pocratsky, A. M. (2017) · doi:10.18297/etd/2730
Metadata
- Authors
- Bellardita, C., & Kiehn, O.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Kiehn, Ole
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1426-1436
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4469368
- OpenAlex
- W1859836772
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 12.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS090919)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Robotic Locomotion and Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- locomotor circuits, gait, locomotion speed, interlimb coordination, modular organization, gait kinematics, walks, trotting, gallop, neuronal ensembles
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Extremities, Female, Gait, Locomotion, Mice, Central Pattern Generators
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