Cited by 461COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchRenin-Angiotensin System Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 130 of the 140 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation

Open access

Mahmudpour, Mehdi, Roozbeh, Jamshid, Keshavarz, Mohsen, Farrokhi, Shokrollah, Nabipour, Iraj·2020·Cytokine

DOI 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151PMC PMC7260598

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet. The attachment of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as its cellular receptor, triggers complex molecular events that leads to hyperinflammation. Four molecular axes that may be involved in SARS-CoV-2 driven inflammatory cytokine overproduction are addressed in this work. The virus-mediated down-regulation of ACE2 causes a burst of inflammatory cytokine release through dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACE/angiotensin II/AT1R axis), attenuation of Mas receptor (ACE2/MasR axis), increased activation of [des-Arg9]-bradykinin (ACE2/bradykinin B1R/DABK axis), and activation of the complement system including C5a and C5b-9 components. The molecular clarification of these axes will elucidate an array of therapeutic strategies to confront the cytokine storm in order to prevent and treat COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151

Cites

130 of 130 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884
Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., Liu, S., Zhao, P., Liu, H., Zhu, L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x · Cited by 8,545 · cited 9×
“An increment of the highly pro-inflammatory CCR6+ Th17 in CD4 T cells was reported in COVID-19 associated with ARDS [9].”
Influential
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor
Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5 · Cited by 5,983 · cited 3×
“These severe cases that develop respiratory failure show a series of pathological findings such as hyaline membrane formation, inflammatory infiltration with multinucleated syncytial cells in their lung pathology and a burst of cytokine release leading to morbidity and mortality [6,12].”
Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study
Chen, T., Wu, D., Chen, H., Yan, W., Yang, D., Chen, G., Ma, K., Xu, D., Yu, H., Wang, H., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1091 · Cited by 3,903
Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis
Chen, Y. Z., Liu, Q., & Guo, D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.25681 · Cited by 3,069
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure
Imai, Y., Kuba, K., Rao, S., Huan, Y., Guo, F., Guan, B., Yang, P., Sarao, R., Wada, T., Leong-Poi, H., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03712 · Cited by 2,453 · cited 1×
“The protective effect of ACE2 in severe acute lung failure has been shown in animal models [40].”
SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues
Ziegler, C. G. K., Allon, S. J., Nyquist, S. K., Mbano, I. M., Miao, V. N., Tzouanas, C. N., Cao, Y., Yousif, A. S., Bals, J., Hauser, B. M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035 · Cited by 2,284 · cited 2×
“ACE2 enzyme is expressed in the heart, kidneys, testes, gastrointestinal tract and lungs [15,31].”
Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases
MAGRO, C. M. J., Mulvey, J. J., Berlin, D., Nuovo, G. J., Salvatore, S., Harp, J., Baxter-Stoltzfus, A., & Laurence, J. C. (2020) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007 · Cited by 2,224 · cited 1×
“[112] reported a pauci-inflammatory changes and lack of viral cytopathic effects accompanied with heavy deposition of C5b-9, C4d and MBL-MASP2 in lung septal vasculatures of 5 patients with”
Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2
Monteil, V., Kwon, H., Prado, P., Hagelkrüys, A., Wimmer, R. A., Stahl, M., Leopoldi, A., Garreta, E., Hurtado del Pozo, C., Prosper, F., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004 · Cited by 2,122
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19
Vaduganathan, M., Vardeny, O., Michel, T., McMurray, J. J. V., Pfeffer, M. A., & Solomon, S. D. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr2005760 · Cited by 2,101

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 140 references

10 of the 140 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Bm, 2020, COVID-19 induced Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) imbalance may drive acute lung injury: the evidence and therapeutic options, BMJ, 368
Gheblawi, 2020, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System, Circ. Res.
Gao, 2020, Highly pathogenic coronavirus N protein aggravates lung injury by MASP-2-mediated complement over-activation, medRxiv

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 459

Protracted or recurrent COVID-19 associated cytokine storm in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia receiving rituximab-based chemotherapy
Bektaş, M., & Özdemir, G. (2022) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2022.108936 · Cited by 5
“In COVID-19 associated cytokine storm, this perturbation is initiated via attachment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its receptor, ACE2, leading hyperactivation of NF-κB by IL-6 STATs axis [6].”
Heart failure and COVID-19: synergism of two inflammatory conditions?
Khan, E. (2020) · British Journal of Community Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.1.18 · Cited by 4
In Silico Target Analysis of Treatment for COVID-19 Using Huang-Lian-Shang-Qing-Wan, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula
Huang, C.-W., Ha, H., Tsai, S.-C., Lu, C., Lee, C., Tsai, Y., Tsai, F., Chiu, Y., Wang, G., Hsu, C.-H., et al. (2021) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x211030818 · Cited by 4
“An excessive inflammatory response leading to severe illness in patients with COVID-19 was identified to be a consequence of cytokine release.(41) NF-κB activation and ROS production are known to be important mediators for activating inflammation.”
Background
Viral Infections and Temporal Programming of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Mother's Womb
Jash, S., & Sharma, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Virology · doi:10.3389/fviro.2022.863202 · Cited by 4
Clinical Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Mechanisms of the Cellular Immune Response and Immunogenetic Markers in Patients from Brazil
Pacheco, V., Guimarães, R. C., Corrêa-Moreira, D., Magalhães, C. E., Poschinger-Figueiredo, D., Guttmann, P. D. M., Trindade, G. F., da Silva, J. F. A., Bom, A. P. D. A., Maia, M. D. L., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15071609 · Cited by 4
“In this sense, we noted that the most common symptoms for severe and non-severe cases (fatigue, dyspnea, muscle pain, among others), besides comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, hypertension, frequently present in severe cases with COVID-19, were also observed by some…”
Background
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 at the interface between renin‐angiotensin system inhibition and coronavirus disease 2019
Siri‐Angkul, N., Chattipakorn, S. C., & Chattipakorn, N. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp280138 · Cited by 4
The COVID-19 pandemic, heart and cardiovascular diseases: What we have learned
Piątek, Z., Gać, P., & Poręba, M. (2021) · Dental and Medical Problems · doi:10.17219/dmp/133153 · Cited by 4
Chest CT in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Potentials and Limitations of Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence
Vernuccio, F., Cutaia, G., Cannella, R., Vernuccio, L., Lagalla, R., & Midiri, M. (2021) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74761-9_3 · Cited by 4
COVID-19 Infection Changes the Functions and Morphology of Erythrocytes: A Multidisciplinary Study
Sales, M. V. D. S., Tanabe, E. L. L., Maciel, T., Tavares, M. C., Leal, J., Pinto, L., Pires, K. S. N., Coelho, J. A. P. D. M., Silva, E., Souza, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society · doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20230031 · Cited by 5
Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the storm of inflammatory factors in respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2: an updated meta-analysis
Qin, Z., Li, Y., Sun, W., Lu, Y., Zhang, N., Yang, R., Liu, Y., Tang, L., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1198987 · Cited by 4
“Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ), more COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (3), an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the β -coronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family.”
Background
Reaktionsmuster der lokoregionären Lymphknoten im Abflussgebiet von COVID-19-Lungen
Haslbauer, J. D., Matter, M. S., Stalder, A. K., & Tzankov, A. (2021) · Der Pathologe · doi:10.1007/s00292-021-00914-z · Cited by 4
“Schließlich resultiert diese Dysregulation in eine hochpathogene inflammatorische Monozyten-Makrophagen-Antwort, die bei SARS-CoV-1 und MERS sehr gut dokumentiert ist [7, 8, 24], welche für einen Großteil der Organschädigung in COVID-19 verantwortlich zu sein scheint [25, 48].”
Background
Molecular Insights into the Crosstalk Between Immune Inflammation Nexus and SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Bose, P., Sunita, P., & Pattanayak, S. P. (2021) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-021-02657-9 · Cited by 4
Ca:Mg D, the Shield that Interdicts the Crown Viruses and Vaccines
Chambers, P. W. (2022) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1109249 · Cited by 4
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on host competing endogenous RNA and miRNA network
Yuka, S. A., & Yılmaz, A. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12370 · Cited by 4
Long COVID: emerging pathophysiological mechanisms
MUELLER, M. R., Ganesh, R., Beckman, T. J., & Hurt, R. T. (2025) · Minerva Medica · doi:10.23736/s0026-4806.25.09539-4 · Cited by 3
The Relationship Between Kidney Biomarkers, Inflammation, Severity, and Mortality Due to COVID-19—A Two-Timepoint Study
Tozoni, S. S., Gadotti, A. C., Dias, E. S., Alegre, J. B. M., Spitzenbergen, B. A. K. V., Deus, M. D. C., de Moraes, T. P., & Moreno-Amaral, A. N. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136086 · Cited by 3
A Potential Bioelectromagnetic Method to Slow Down the Progression and Prevent the Development of Ultimate Pulmonary Fibrosis by COVID-19
Masaud, S. M., Szász, O., Szász, A. M., Ejaz, H., Anwer, R. A., & Szász, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.556335 · Cited by 3
“org 7 helpful therapeutical strategy when it is controlled and does not allow an overreacted stormy feedback (120, 121).”
Background
What do we know about IL-6 in COVID-19 so far?
Jiang, J., Wang, J., Lulu, Y., Lai, S., & Xueji, Z. (2021) · Biophysics Reports · doi:10.52601/bpr.2021.200024 · Cited by 3
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): NETosis-associated mechanisms of progression and prospects for therapy regulating the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
Айтбаев, К. А., Murkamilov, I. T., Fomin, V. V., Kudaibergenova, I., & Yusupov, F. A. (2021) · Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук · doi:10.29413/abs.2021-6.4.6 · Cited by 3
Analysis of the mechanisms of development of neurorheumatological consequences of COVID-19 and the possibility of their pharmacological correction
Sarvilina, I. V., Lila, A. M., Громова, О. А., Torshin, I. Y., Shavlovskaya, O. A., & Александровна, Т. Е. (2022) · Modern Rheumatology Journal · doi:10.14412/1996-7012-2022-2-92-98 · Cited by 3
A 62-Year-Old Man Presenting with Bilateral Tremor of the Upper Limb After a Diagnosis of COVID-19 with Confirmed Volumetric Brain Loss
Bhagavan, S., Ramaswamy, S. B., Mehta, T., Govindarajan, R., & Cousins, J. P. (2022) · American Journal of Case Reports · doi:10.12659/ajcr.934955 · Cited by 3
“As angiotensin (1-7) binds to the Mas receptor and decreases inflammatory response, its decreased levels can also be a contributing factor for the hyper-inflammatory state [9].”
Background
Gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders related to COVID-19. Lessons learned from gastroenterologists
la Tijera, F. H., Servín-Caamaño, A., & Pérez-Hernández, J. L. (2022) · Revista Médica Del Hospital General De México · doi:10.24875/hgmx.22000013 · Cited by 3
“The union of the virus with its ACE2 cellular receptor triggers internalization of the complex into the cell, leading to the down-regulation of the ACE2 15 and favoring the interruption of angiotensin II (AngII) metabolism; causing an increase in its plasma concentration.”
Alternations in miR-155 and miR-200 serum levels can serve as biomarkers for COVID-19 in the post-mass vaccination era
Aboulela, A., Taha, M. Y. M., Ghazal, A. A. E. R., Baess, A. I., & Elsheredy, A. G. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09630-2 · Cited by 3
“It also causes hyperac - tivation of NF-κB with a subsequent increase in IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines, ending up in a hyperinflam - matory state and a cytokine storm [20, 21].”
DNA circuit-based immunoassay for ultrasensitive protein pattern classification
Masurier, A., Sieskind, R., Gines, G., & Rondelez, Y. (2024) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d4an00728j · Cited by 3
A Review of the Impact of COVID-19 on Male Reproduction, and its Implications on Assisted Reproductive Technology Services
Hinting, A., Agustinus, A., & Pakpahan, C. (2020) · Fertility & Reproduction · doi:10.1142/s2661318220300081 · Cited by 3
The impact of COVID ‐19 on mortality, length of stay, and cost of care among patients with gastrointestinal malignancies: A propensity score‐matched analysis
Ulanja, M. B., Beutler, B. D., Asafo-Agyei, K. O., Governor, S., Edusa, S., Antwi‐Amoabeng, D., Ulanja, R. N., Nteim, G. B., Amankwah, M., Neelam, V., et al. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.6355 · Cited by 3
Investigating the Mechanism of Qu Du Qiang Fei 1 Hao Fang Formula against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Based on Network Pharmacology Method
Wang, Y., Zhou, H., Ma, J., Ding, G., Yu, H., Jin, Y., & Cheng, X. (2024) · World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine · doi:10.4103/2311-8571.395061 · Cited by 3
Frontiers and hotspots evolution in cytokine storm: A bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2022
Shen, J., Li, J., Lei, Y., Chen, Z., Wu, L., & Lin, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30955 · Cited by 3
“This detachment may interfere with inflammatory regulation, potentially initiating a cytokine storm [75].”
Background
The interaction of methotrexate with the human C5a and its potential therapeutic implications
Ghosh, M., Gupta, P. K., Jena, S., & Rana, S. (2024) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108283 · Cited by 3
The combined manifestations of dramatically sore throat, congested and edematous mucosa, no-swelling tonsil are specific in acute Omicron pharyngitis
Zhou, L., Zhang, L., & Xu, F. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10364-6 · Cited by 3
“Otherwise, ACE2 /DABK/ brad-ykinin B1 receptor axis exit in covid-19 infection [8, 9].”
Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 induces acute skeletal muscle damage in human K18-hACE2 transgenic mice
de Souza, A. L. G., Alves, A. L. R., Sousa, J., Barbosa, N. C., Rodrigues, F. C., Santos, S. A. C. S., Oliveira, T. S., Temerozo, J. R., Bou‐Habib, D. C., Takiya, C. M., et al. (2025) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123404 · Cited by 3
Selenomethionine Inhibited RSV Infection-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response through ROS-Mediated Signaling Pathway
Li, C., Wei, Y., Li, J., Lai, J., Zeng, Y., Zhu, B., Li, Y., & Zhao, M. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c05364 · Cited by 3
“39 Elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines are associated with disease severity and clinical progression, 40 so it is essential to detect cytokine levels after RSV infection.”
Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause choroiditis and optic neuropathy?
Zor, K. R., Biçer, G. Y., Günaydın, N. T., Küçük, E., & Yılmaz, U. (2021) · European Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1177/20587392211059060 · Cited by 3
“The hyperinflammatory response is important in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which plays a critical role in the prognosis of COVID-19, and the release of uncontrolled cytokines is involved in the development of many complications.(9) Extensive alveolar damage has been reported with des…”
Background
The Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on The Serum Levels Of ACE/ACE2 Ratio As A Potential Key in Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Participants with Vitamin D Deficiency
Daboul, S. M., Abusamak, M., Mohammad, B. A., Alsayed, A. R., Habash, M., Mosleh, I. M., Al-Shakhshir, S., Issa, R. A., & Abu‐Samak, M. (2023) · Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.18549/pharmpract.2023.1.2761 · Cited by 3
Covid-19 vaccines elicit effective IgG responses in an elderly thymus cancer patient with chemotherapy
Koller, Á., & Szebeni, J. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2188035 · Cited by 3
Bradykinin System: A Therapeutic Goal for COVID-19
Hosseini, L., Mahmoudi, J., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S., & Ziaee, M. (2020) · Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases · doi:10.5812/pedinfect.108554 · Cited by 3
“sels through the release of prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor; besides, it increases vascular permeability, ultimately leading to edema formation (8, 9).”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of action and impact on human organism, risk factors and potential treatments. An exhaustive survey
Carro, B. (2021) · All Life · doi:10.1080/26895293.2021.1977186 · Cited by 2
Macrophage Polarization in Viral Infectious Diseases: Confrontation with the Reality
Atmeh, P. A., Mezouar, S., & Mège, J. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.106083 · Cited by 6
Are herbal medications, with possible beneficial effects for benign prostatic hyperplasia, better to be continued during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Haghpanah, A., Hosseinpour, A., Kallidonis, P. S., Defidio, L., LIATSIKOS, E. N., Dehghani, A., Kamran, H., & Hosseinpour, H. (2023) · Urologia Journal · doi:10.1177/03915603231162387 · Cited by 3
Commentary on: “Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk”
Speth, R. C. (2020) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/molpharm.120.000049 · Cited by 3
“…Ang II and forming angiotensin 1-7, which has anti-inflammatory actions via its receptor Mas (Santos et al., 2018) may help to minimize the cytokine storm (Annweiler, et al., 2020; Mahmudpour, Roozbeh, Keshavarz, Farrokhi, & Nabipour, 2020) that exacerbates lung damage associated with COVID-19.”
Background
Investigation of the effect of serum gasdermin d levels on clinical course and mortality in patients with covid-19
Türker, M., ÖNDER, K. D., & Çekın, Y. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11277-8 · Cited by 2
“It is known that this patient group is more likely to progress with a cytokine storm than other groups, and the high GSDMD average is compatible with the literature [27–29].”
SOCS Proteins: Key Players in Immune Regulation During SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection
Herrera-Uribe, J., & Stevenson, N. J. (2025) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202451645 · Cited by 2
“Mahmudpour et al. 2020 [66] highlighted how uncontrolled proinflammatory signaling contributes to ARDS, the leading cause of mortality in severe COVID-19 cases.”
SELF-ASSESSMENT OF HEARING USING A MOBILE APP AMONG COVID-19 PATIENTS
Resler, K., Masalski, M., Babicki, M., Mastalerz–Migas, A., & Frączek, M. (2022) · Journal of Hearing Science · doi:10.17430/jhs.2022.12.4.2 · Cited by 2
“Perhaps, in addition to viral infection of the hair cells, there is also larger damage from a cytokine storm [31,32] or perhaps from intravascular coagulation with subsequent thrombosis or hemorrhage.”
The Role of the Kinin System and the Effect of Des-Arginine9-Bradykinin on Coagulation and Platelet Function in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study
Edinger, F., Edinger, S., Schmidt, G., Koch, C., Sander, M., & Schneck, E. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042342 · Cited by 2
“The excessive host inflammatory response, also known as cytokine storm, has been associated with thrombotic complications during COVID-19 [7,13].”
Background
Amino Acid Metabolism in Leukocytes Showing In Vitro IgG Memory from SARS-CoV2-Infected Patients
Fanelli, G., Lelli, V., Rinalducci, S., & Timperio, A. M. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12030043 · Cited by 2
“The S1 protein (S1 protein) on the surface of SARS-CoV2 is the target of immune responses triggered by this viral infection [21,22].”
Background
Circulating inflammatory cytokines predict severity disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A prospective multicenter study of the European DRAGON consortium
Polese, B., Ernst, M., Henket, M. A., Ernst, B., Winandy, M., Njock, M., Blockx, C., Kovacs, S., Watar, F., Peired, A. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102589 · Cited by 2
“The cytokine storm, a state of uncontrolled release of inflammatory cytokines, is also thought to be involved in severe COVID-19 [8].”
Neurobiology of COVID‐19 ‐Associated Psychosis/Schizophrenia: Implication of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling
Nawa, H., & Murakami, M. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12520 · Cited by 2
A importância da reabilitação pulmonar em pacientes com COVID-19
Bosi, P. L., Januzzi, L. F. D. F., de Paula, P. B., de Oliveira, C. C., Scianni, C. A., da Costa, T. A. B. N., Teixeira, C. T. M. D. F., Gomes, R. B. D. O., Clovis, A. S., GONÇALVES, G. A. D. S., et al. (2021) · Fisioterapia Brasil · doi:10.33233/fb.v22i2.4288 · Cited by 4
Potential Mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2-induced AKI Progression to CKD: A Forward-Looking Perspective
Roozbeh, J., Karimi, Z., Masjedi, F., Malekmakan, L., Doostkam, A., & Ghahramani, N. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.52547/ijkd.6311 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Angiotensin-(3-4) modulates the overweight- and undernutrition-induced ACE2 downregulation in renal proximal tubule cells: implications for COVID-19?
Luzes, R., Muzi‐Filho, H., Pereira‐Acácio, A., Crisóstomo, T., & Vieyra, A. R. (2021) · Exploration of Medicine · doi:10.37349/emed.2021.00038 · Cited by 2
“However it was also demonstrated that binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 activates the ACE/ Ang II/AT1R axis triggering the cytokines storm [20].”
Background
Measurement of serum ACE status may potentially improve the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Ngcobo, G. D. (2021) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01039 · Cited by 2
“The emergence of the so-called cytokine storm mediated by a SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with lung injury, and its more severe form; acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines or its intermediaries may play a vital role in the assessment of the severity of SARS-…”
The impact of immune dysfunction on perioperative complications in surgical COVID-19 patients: an imperative for early immunonutrition
Stahel, V. P., Blum, S. D., & Anand, P. (2022) · Patient Safety in Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13037-022-00323-y · Cited by 2
Prognosis of purulent-septic pathologies in veterinary propaedeutics of generalization of bacterioses on a dog model
Laptev, S. V., Пименов, Н. В., Marzanova, S., & Permyakova, K. Y. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202338001010 · Cited by 2
Home-based exercise alters pulmonary function and cellular stress markers in overweight middle-aged men during covid-19 Home quarantine
Tartibian, B., Azadpour, N., Eslami, R., & Khayat, S. M. A. (2023) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00673-9 · Cited by 2
“There is also general agreement that severe COVID-19 infection results in an aggravated pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response [6], increased biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [7], hemodynamic instability [8], and exacerbation of the hematological system [9], all of which may lead to multi-organ failur…”
Background
In Silico Design and Evaluation of a Novel Therapeutic Agent Against the Spike Protein as a Novel Treatment Strategy for COVID-19 Treatment
Sarmadi, S., Rahbar, M. R., Najafi, H., Chukwudozie, O. S., & Morowvat, M. H. (2023) · Recent Patents on Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1872208317666230523105759 · Cited by 2
Interactions between Cytokines and Drugs in COVID-19 Potential Interactions between Increased Cytokines in COVID-19 and Drugs used to Treat COVID-19
Öztürk, T., Çavuşoğlu, T., İncir, C., & Tunçok, Y. (2021) · Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.34087/cbusbed.873082 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of lymphocyte subtypes in COVID-19 patientsPreprint
Rezaei, M. S., Marjani, M., Tabarsi, P., Moniri, A., purabdollah, M., Abtahian, Z., Dizaji, M. K., Roofchayee, N. D., Dezfuli, N. K., Mansouri, D., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.21260382 · Cited by 2
Natural phytochemicals, Phenformin, and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as a Novel Inhibitors of IL-6 and ACE2 receptors, a Therapeutic Strategy for targeting COVID-19 Cell Entry and Cytokine Storm. An insilico ApproachPreprint
Ahmed, A. K. K., & Elkazzaz, M. (2021) · doi:10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppdsl3y.v1 · Cited by 2
The CD147 Epitope on SARS CoV2 and the Spike in Cancer, Autoimmunity and Organ FibrosisPreprint
Chambers, P. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/s86j75 · Cited by 2
In silico prediction of COVID-19 cytokine storm in lung cancer types
Suchanti, S., Awasthi, S., Singh, G., Yadav, P. K., Singh, A., & Mishra, R. (2022) · Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101350 · Cited by 1
“ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions show higher and lower expression in both groups than in normal lung tissue [12].”
COVID-19 biology: cytokine storms and their implications
Atçeken, N., & Kozalak, G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95545-4.00009-8 · Cited by 1
Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Coinciding Pandemics of Obesity and COVID-19: Worse than Bad
Engin, A. B., Engin, D., & Engin, A. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_31 · Cited by 1
Pathophysiology of COVID-19: A Post Hoc Analysis of the ICAT-COVID Clinical Trial of the Bradykinin Antagonist Icatibant
Malchair, P., Giol, J., Jacob, J., Villoria, J., Carnaval, T., & Videla, S. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14060533 · Cited by 1
“On the RAS side, it is part of the Mas Receptor pathway counter-regulatory branch, as it cleaves Ang-II into Ang-(1–7) (Figure 1), thereby exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and vasodilating effects [9,10].”
Influential
Vitamin D Modulates Humoral Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Autoimmune Thyroiditis: An Endocrine–Immune Perspective Supported by Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Zerouak, N., Hentabli, S., Zitouni, A., Lehassani, M., Hentabli, H., Haroun, M. A., Khames, M., Benachour, K., Amrani, Y., & Oumouna, M. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27052208 · Cited by 1
“SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are known to induce robust immune activation, which in some individuals may unmask or exacerbate autoimmune phenomena [10,11].”
Covid-19 ve Kanser Covid-19 and Cance
Karataş, M., & Tunçdemi̇r, M. (2018) · AYDIN TIP FAKÜLTESİ KLİNİKLERİ DERGİSİ · doi:10.17932/iau.tfk.2018.008/tfk_v04i1001 · Cited by 1
CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC: EXPERIENCE OF THE FIRST WAVE IN THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION
Дмитриевич, Ф. В., TULICHEV, A. A., FEDOTOVA, O. O., Сергеевна, Д. И., & SHAKUROVA, D. N. (2021) · The Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine · doi:10.20969/vskm.2021.14(2).39-45 · Cited by 1
Human Cell Receptors and Downstream Cascades: A Review of Molecular Aspects and Potential Therapeutic Targets in COVID-19
Afzali, S., Nakhaei, M. A., Shiari, S., Shirkavand, A., & Farivar, S. (2021) · Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases · doi:10.5812/pedinfect.113298 · Cited by 1
“Thereupon, the AT1RAngII axis activates NF-κB via phosphorylation of its P65 subunit (35).”
Background
La achicoria en la tradición «¡A nadar, peces!»: aplicación, impacto y relevancia médica actual a través del derivado químico inulina
Flores, C. A. P. (2022) · El Palma de la Juventud · doi:10.31381/epdlj.v4i4.4893 · Cited by 1
Extrapulmonary Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: A Report of 3 Cases and a Literature Review
Barbachowska, A., Gozdowska, J., Piotrowska‐Kownacka, D., Sawicka, M., Dęborska−Materkowska, D., Skolimowska, E., & Durlik, M. (2022) · Annals of Transplantation · doi:10.12659/aot.935874 · Cited by 1
“As a consequence, it leads to excessive, out-of-control release of a various of inflammatory cytokines (a cytokine storm) through dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), attenuation of Mas receptor (ACE2/MasR axis), increase activation of [desArg9]-bradykinin, and activation of the complement…”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 Invasion and Pathogenesis of COVID-19: A Perspective of Viral Receptors, Bradykinin, and Purinergic System
Cappellari, A. R., de Souza, J. B., Nogueira-Librelotto, D. R., de Lara, J. D., Couto, J. C. M., Simões, J. L. B., Bagatini, M. D., Mello, C. F., & Pillat, M. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08045-6_3 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 e suas implicações na fertilidade masculina e feminina: impactos futuros
Pires, J. A. N., Felix, E. M. D. S., & Magalhães-Padilha, D. M. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i16.38217 · Cited by 2
Blood brain barrier disruption following COVID-19 infection and neurological manifestations
Deshwal, S., Dhiman, N., & Sandhir, R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15256-6.00005-2 · Cited by 1
Association of Serum Procalcitonin Level with Severity of COVID-19 among Patients in Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Ali, R., Elnour, S., Higazi, H., Osman, A. L., Ismail, M., Altoum, A. A., Alfeel, A. H., Kandakurti, P. K., Moamen, N. K. A., Hussein, S. E. O., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biomedicine · doi:10.21103/article13(2)_oa7 · Cited by 1
Plant Immunoenhancers: Promising Ethnopharmacological Candidates for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity
Ghoran, S. H., Taktaz, F., & Ayatollahi, S. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3664-9_3 · Cited by 1
Acute cerebral edema: a lethal neurological complication in a patient with COVID-19 infection. Case report and literature review
Puodžiūnaitė, M., Sadeckaitė, R., & Čikotienė, A. (2023) · Neurologijos seminarai · doi:10.29014/ns.2022.26.12 · Cited by 1
The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Patients With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)
Balacescu, M. S., Ene, C., GEORGESCU, D. E., Bulai, C. A., Militaru, A., Ene, C. D., Văcăroiu, I. A., Georgescu, D. A., GEAVLETE, B. F., & Geavlete, P. A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.59148 · Cited by 1
“…renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation [17], the androgen-related theory postulating an exacerbation of BPH symptoms due to increased androgen receptor activity associated with elevated dydrogesterone [18], inflammation-related factors [19], and metabolic derangement associations [20].”
Background
Are COVID-19 Polymorphisms in ACE and ACE2 Prognosis Predictors?
Guarienti, F. A., Xavier, F., Ferraz, M. D., Wagner, F., Marinowic, D., da Costa, J. C., & Machado, D. C. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46080480
“Polymorphisms in ACE may contribute to this reduction in the immune response, through a deregulation of ACE activity, which would cause a deregulation of angiotensin II and a decrease in the activity of angiotensin1-7 [19].”
Background
COVID- 19 vaccination reduces new-onset fibromyalgia risk in survivors
Liu, A., Liao, P., Jiang, H., Huang, S., Li, S., Wei, J. C., & Ying, Z. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04069-z · Cited by 1
“COVID-19 can exacerbate immune and inflammatory responses [35] and significantly increase the incidence of FM [12, 36].”
A Bioelectromagnetic Proposal Approaching the Complex Challenges of COVID-19
Szász, A. (2020) · Open Journal of Biophysics · doi:10.4236/ojbiphy.2021.111001 · Cited by 1
Interleukin Deficiency Disorder Patient Responses to COVID-19 Infections
Gillis, B. S., Gavin, I. M., Barkhordar, F., Mohapatra, G., Jin, M. Y., & Behm, F. G. (2021) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i830884 · Cited by 1
The Advent of COVID-19; Periodontal Research Has Identified Therapeutic Targets for Severe Respiratory Disease; an Example of Parallel Biomedical Research Agendas
Cardoso, E., Fine, N. A., Glogauer, M., Johnson, F., Goldberg, M. B., Golub, L. M., & Tenenbaum, H. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Dental Medicine · doi:10.3389/fdmed.2021.674056 · Cited by 1
Is the mechanism of COVID-19 coagulopathy still a rabbit’s hole?
Rajan, A., Thirunavukkarasu, G. K., Lockey, R. F., & Kolliputi, N. (2021) · Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1007/s12079-021-00613-7 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 pandemic: disease impact on nervous system, cognitive functioning and mental health
Janeczek, P. (2022) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2022.12.09.037 · Cited by 1
“[40] Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I.”
Background
Epigenetic miRNA Mediated Regulation of RAS in Cardiovascular Diseases
Caliskan, A., Crouch, S. A. W., & Dangwal, S. (2023) · Advances in biochemistry in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14952-8_5 · Cited by 1
DOENÇAS AUTOIMUNES RELACIONADOS A SÍNDROME DO PÓS-COVID-19: NOVOS DESDOBRAMENTOS DA PANDEMIA
de Assunção, L. A., de Souza, P. M., de Lima, M. S., Quemel, G. K. C., Parente, J. S., Barbosa, A. P. F., Farias, D. C. D. S., & de Vasconcelos, L. A. (2023) · Revista Contemporânea · doi:10.56083/rcv3n2-026 · Cited by 1
Trombosis pada Pasien COVID-19
Tan, C. (2021) · Cermin Dunia Kedokteran · doi:10.55175/cdk.v48i12.156 · Cited by 1
Neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein variant increases survival and modulates the inflammatory and immune responses in human ACE-2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Biswas, R., Eaker, S. S., Soni, D. K., Kar, S., LoBato, D. N., & Culiat, C. T. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430254 · Cited by 1
On noise and hearing loss Prevalence and reference data
Johansson, M. (2003) · DiVA (Linkoping University) · Cited by 1
Editorial: From Pathogenic Infections to Inflammation and Disease - the Tumultuous Road of the ‘Cytokine Storm’
Puerta-Guardo, H. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.827151 · Cited by 1
“…during respiratory diseases leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long term inflammation after hMPV infection (Haas et al., 2013; Malmo et al., 2016). rBCG-P also stimulated B cells and plasma cells resulting in an early-robust IgA and constant IgG responses that promoted an…”
Background
Long COVID, POTS, CFS and MTHFR: Linked by Biochemistry and NutritionPreprint
Chambers, P. W. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0418.v3
A predominately pulmonary activation of complement in a mouse model of severe COVID-19Preprint
Szachowicz, P. J., Wohlford-Lenane, C., Heinen, C. J., Ghimire, S., Xue, B., Boly, T. J., Verma, A., MašinoviĆ, L., Bermick, J., Perlman, S. M., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596892 · Cited by 1
“Reported pathophysiologic features of severe COVID-19 include prothrombotic complications (10-13), “cytokine storm” (14, 15), NETosis (16), and excessive cytotoxic T-cell responses (17), all which can be driven by complement activation.”
The Most Significant Biomarkers and Specific Antibodies for the Early Diagnosis and Monitoring in COVID-19 Patients
Bukva, M., Islamović, M., Jusufović, S., Enisa, N., Meseldžić, N., & Bego, T. (2021) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73909-6_95
The Effect of Tear Film Quality on Protective Properties against SARS-CoV-2 and on Further Risks of Infection in Dry Eye Disease
Проценко, Е. С., Remnyova, N. A., & Panchenko, N. V. (2021) · Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu · doi:10.26693/jmbs06.03.053
Complement C5a and Clinical Markers to predict COVID-19 Disease Severity and Mortality in a Multi-ethnic PopulationPreprint
Cyprian, F. S., Suleman, M., Abdelhafez, I., Doudin, A., Danjuma, M. I.-M., Mir, F. A., Parray, A., Yousaf, Z., Siddiqui, M. Y. A., Eldin, A., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-682190/v1
A comparative study on ivermectin- doxycycline and favipiravir therapy in COVID19 patients
Oza, D., Luhadia, S., Luhadia, A., Sharma, R., Chhabra, G., Sharma, S., Gupta, A. K., Shukla, D., ., D., Kankrecha, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine · doi:10.22271/27069567.2021.v3.i2a.207
Ad26.COV2.S Prevents SARS-CoV-2 Induced Pathways of Inflammation and Thrombosis in HamstersPreprint
Aid, M., Vidal, S., Piedra-Mora, C., Ducat, S., Chan, C. N., Bondoc, S., Colarusso, A., Starke, C., Nekorchuk, M., Busman-Sahay, K., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462514
“Pathways of type I and II interferon responses, and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were previously reported in blood and lung tissue of hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 and in COVID-19 patients (6, 13, 14) (S3A and S3B Fig).”
MethodInfluential
Pharmacotherapy of Cytokine Release Syndrome in Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review
Robinson, J., Banerjee, I., & Leclézio, A. (2021) · Global Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Update · doi:10.25259/gjmpbu_9_2021
Diferentes aspectos da resposta imunológica na COVID-19
Santos, A. A. R., de Paula, K. K. O., Marasco, B. F. D., & Castilho, D. G. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i14.22531
Nanomedicine, Viral Infection and Cytokine Stor
Kumar, R., & Mohammadipanah, F. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews · doi:10.31579/2690-4861/156
Point-of-care fully automated flow cytometry
Spijkerman, R. (2022) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/915

Authors: Mahmudpour, M., Roozbeh, J., Keshavarz, M., Farrokhi, S., & Nabipour, I.
Affiliations: Bushehr University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author: Nabipour, Iraj
ORCID: Mahmudpour, Mehdi
Roozbeh, Jamshid
Keshavarz, Mohsen
Farrokhi, Shokrollah
Nabipour, Iraj
Venue: Cytokine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-09
Volume: 133
Pages: 155151
ISSN: 1043-4666 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
PMC: PMC7260598
OpenAlex: W3030136428
Cited by: 461
References: 140
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 168 · 2020: 52
FWCI: 4.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Cytokine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, cytokine storm, SARS-CoV-2, hyperinflammation, ACE2, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, Mas receptor, bradykinin B1 receptor, complement system, C5a, membrane attack complex, acute respiratory distress syndrome, intensive care unit patients, treatment options
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Proto-Oncogene Mas, Bradykinin, Humans, Inflammation, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Models, Molecular, Pneumonia, Viral, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Renin-Angiotensin System, Complement C5a, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Complement C5b, Pandemics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks