Questionnaire based assessment of risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis
Open accessAbstract
Background Primary biliary cirrhosis is a cholestatic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of bile ducts. Its pathogenesis is largely unknown, although complex interactions between environment and genetic predisposition are proposed.Aims Identify disease risk factors using a detailed patient questionnaire and compare study findings to 3 published reports.Methods Questionnaire data were prospectively collected from 522 cases and 616 controls of the Mayo Clinic Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Genetic Epidemiology Registry. Case and control responses were compared using logistic regression, adjusting for recruitment age, sex, and education level.Results Cases reported ever regularly smoking cigarettes more frequently than controls (P < 0.001). History of urinary tract infection was similar between groups; however, cases reported multiple urinary tract infections more commonly than controls (P < 0.001). Frequency of other autoimmune disease was higher in cases than controls (P < 0.001). As well, prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis among first-degree relatives was higher in case families than control families (P < 0.001).Conclusions Our study confirms prior reported risk factors associated with disease risk. Given the potential importance of gene and environment interactions, further examination of environmental risk factors considering genetic background may provide new insight into primary biliary cirrhosis pathogenesis.
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Large case-control studies have associated PBC with urinary tract infections, reproductive hormone replacement, nail polish, and past cigarette smoking.
“Environmental risks have been suggested by several large case-control cohort studies that have found associations with urinary tract infections, reproductive hormone replacement, nail polish, and past cigarette smoking.(22)(23)(24)”
From Primary Biliary Cholangitis: 2018 Practice Guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results (Medical History; Health, Lifestyle, and Environmental Exposures; page unavailable) associate multiple urinary tract infections and a history of regular cigarette smoking with PBC. The Results (Gynecologic and Reproductive History; page unavailable) report similar hormone-replacement-therapy use in cases and controls, and no passage found supports an association with nail polish. The source therefore supports only part of the list attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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References 25 · Cited by 40
- Authors
- Lammert, C., Nguyen, D. L., Juran, B. D., Schlicht, E., Larson, J. J., Atkinson, E. J., & Lazaridis, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Digestive and Liver Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 589-594
- ISSN
- 1590-8658 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3686972
- OpenAlex
- W2018516286
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Digestive and Liver Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Clinic
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK080670, K23DK068290)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pediatric Hepatobiliary Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
- Keywords
- primary biliary cirrhosis, risk factors, smoking, urinary tract infection, autoimmune disease, first-degree relatives, genetic susceptibility, gene-environment interaction, cholestatic liver disease, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Autoimmune Diseases, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Urinary Tract Infections, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Young Adult, Gene-Environment Interaction
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